jamshid mirzaei; abdolsaeed shojaei
Abstract
One of the essential needs of human societies in contemporary era is the appropriate exploitation of land and its attachments. "Space" and "place" have always been the subject of challenge in Islamic jurisprudence and contemporary legal systems. In spite of the acceptance of subordinate ownership, its ...
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One of the essential needs of human societies in contemporary era is the appropriate exploitation of land and its attachments. "Space" and "place" have always been the subject of challenge in Islamic jurisprudence and contemporary legal systems. In spite of the acceptance of subordinate ownership, its domain is controversial and has been followed by conflict in private and public rights. The elder Jurists consider exclusivity, absoluteness and permanency to be the fundamental characteristics of property rights. Accordingly, they have claimed a consensus on the boundless territory of space and the owner of the land is the owner of its space from above the ground to vacuum of space, and under the ground to the depths of the land. Many legal systems, influenced by this point of view, have enacted and codified rules and regulations. However, the needs of industrial societies and the expansion of urbanization and the necessity of urban development, such as the construction of subways and underground tunnels, the necessary drilling to access energy resources and the transmission of power transmission networks and monorail lines and aerial transit has led to more intense conflict in and interference with public and private rights. In this regard, despite the numerous views and opinions as to the negation of ownership, restriction in ownership and common manipulation of space and place, Imam Khomeini as one of the prominent jurisprudents who has accepted guardianship and governance simultaneously, has declared the subordination of land and air to personal lands to the extent of customary needs and possession of the surplus to "public property", and has brought about the combination of the two rights.
jamshid mirzaei
Abstract
The development of today's human needs and the remarkable progress of knowledge and the construction industry have made the legal relationships between the two groups of owners and building makers more tense and more complex, and along with the ease and prosperity of public life and residence in luxurious ...
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The development of today's human needs and the remarkable progress of knowledge and the construction industry have made the legal relationships between the two groups of owners and building makers more tense and more complex, and along with the ease and prosperity of public life and residence in luxurious buildings, creates High dangers and duplicate responsibilities. A look at the damage caused by the work of designers, architects, supervisors, engineers and construction executives of small and large projects shows that the failure to observe the necessary standards in one side and efforts for gaining more profits, in the other side, puts the builders in trouble and ignorance and has caused damage to owners , And for this reason, contemporary legal systems have put on the protection of the lost as one of the most important tasks on the agenda and in various ways seeks to find the proper solution and formulate binding rules and effective regulatory steps have been taken in this respect. But there is always this ambiguity that What is the type and basis of civil liability of building builders and to what extent this responsibility is capable of compensating for damage. The fact is that in this area there is no significant difference in the law of the unity of thought and the established framework in the legislative system of countries and legal doctrine. Some of the discussed systems names the responsibility (guarantee) and its basis the risk theory, and some others believe that creators have strict and sole responsibility and some proportionate to the amount of the fault know it differently and for this type of responsibility, they have determined a certain territory.
Mohammad Salehi Mazandarani; jamshid mirzaei
Abstract
Abstract The ever-increasing expansion of urban societies and shortage of residential lands has caused to be aboveground and underground more valuable than the ground in some cases. This has led to the increasing conflict between individual and public ownership. Studying and analyzing the principles ...
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Abstract The ever-increasing expansion of urban societies and shortage of residential lands has caused to be aboveground and underground more valuable than the ground in some cases. This has led to the increasing conflict between individual and public ownership. Studying and analyzing the principles of ownership can reduce to a large extent the conflict between the private owners and custodians of urban affairs. the results of comparing the fundamentals of this type of ownership in Islamic, Iranian law and legal system of property rights in France, England, Germany, Switzerland, Egypt implies that the Controlling(Al-Taslit), Reverence(Ehteram), Compliance (Tabaiiat), Possession(Yad) and No-harm(La-Zarar) Rules are the most foundations of aboveground and underground property right. Hence the owner of the land has Possession power on them and this must be honored, as aboveground and underground are land accessories and any person who prevents legal possession of the owner, will be liable to compensate due to the damages.