Univerisity of Qom

Comparative Study on Islamic & Western Law

۲۴۷۶-۴۲۱۳

Univerisity of Qom

10.22091/csiw.2020.1753

unavailable

Editor,s nots

22 08 2020

7 2 0 0 05 01 2021 05 01 2021

2020

http://csiw.qom.ac.ir/article_1753.html

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Univerisity of Qom

Comparative Study on Islamic & Western Law

۲۴۷۶-۴۲۱۳

Univerisity of Qom

10.22091/csiw.2020.5491.1815

Academicm and Research

Assessing the Possibility of Prosecuting the Assassination of Major General Qassem Soleimani before the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice

Amini

Azam

Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

Bazzar

Vahid

Ph.D. in Public International Law, Allameh Tabataba'i University.

22 08 2020

7 2 1 24 06 05 2020 24 06 2020

2020

http://csiw.qom.ac.ir/article_1584.html

The US military operation to assassinate General Soleimani, contrary to its claim, does not comply with the elements and conditions of self-defense and is an internationally wrongful act. The subject of this article is assessing the possibility of prosecution of criminal responsibility and civil responsibility arising from this wrongful act before the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice. Despite Iran and US are not parties to the Statute of International Criminal Court, Iran could create the possibility of exercising jurisdiction by the court over the case through inviting Iraq to accept the ad hoc jurisdiction of the court. But, even in these circumstances, the assassination of General Soleimani cannot be pursued within the framework of one of the four crimes under the jurisdictional of the Court. It is possible to pursue US civil responsibility for this wrongful act by resorting to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons 1973 (1973) to which the Iran and US are the parties. This Convention, which prohibits the commission of certain crimes, including murder, against internationally protected persons, has provided a dispute settlement mechanism that will eventually lead to the International Court of Justice.

Qassem Soleimani International Criminal Court International Court of Justice self-defense Internationally Protected Persons

1) بیگ زاده، ابراهیم ، عبداللهی، سیدمحمدعلی،1397ش،موازنۀ آرمان عدالت کیفری و موازین حقوقی: اعمال صلاحیت دیوان بین المللی کیفری نسبت به اتباع دولت های غیرعضو، مجله تحقیقات حقوقی، ش84 .

2) ذاکرحسین، محمدهادی،1398ش، نشست علمی بازخوانی حقوقی پرونده ترور سردار سلیمانی و پیامدهای آن از منظر حقوق بین الملل، تهران، خانه اندیشمندان علوم انسانی، بیست و نهم دی 1398.

3) عسکری، پوریا ، بذّار، وحید ، خوش لسان، مینو،1396ش،مسئولیت حقوقی بین المللی دولت عربستان در قبال فاجعه منا 1394 و سازوکارهای پیگیری آن، پژوهشنامه حج و زیارت، سال 3، ش 5.

4) نژندی منش، هیبت‌الله ، بذّار، وحید،1396ش، تکمیلی بودن صلاحیت دیوان بین المللی کیفری و جنایت تجاوز، مجله آموزه های حقوق کیفری، ش 14.

5) وکیل، امیرساعد،1398ش، نشست تخصصی ترور سپهبد شهید قاسم سلیمانی از منظر حقوق بین الملل، تهران: خانه اندیشمندان علوم انسانی، هجدهم دی 1398.

6) Agreement Between the United States of America and the Republic of Iraq On the Withdrawal of United States Forces from Iraq and the Organization of Their Activities during Their Temporary Presence in Iraq 2008

7) Alleged Violations of the Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights (Iran v. USA), Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures of 16 July 2018, para. 50.

8) Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, I.C.J. Reports 2007, para. 137.

9) Askary, Pouria and Hosseinejad, Katayoun. (2020). “Taking Territory of a Third State Seriously: Beginning of IAC and the Strike Against Major General Soleimani (Part II),” www.opiniojuris.org.

10) Barker, J. Craig. (2011). The Protection of Diplomatic Personnel, Ashgate Publishing.

11) Bowser, Gary and Lev, Yehuda. (2020). “The General is dead - now what? Flash points and Triggers in the Iranian Puzzle,” www.SSRN.com.

12) Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents 1973.

13) Corfu Channel (United Kingdom v. Albania), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1949.

14) Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 542/2012 of 25 June 2012, implementing Article 2(3) of Regulation (EC) No 2580/2001 on specific restrictive measures directed against certain persons and entities with a view to combating terrorism and repealing Implementing Regulation (EU) No 1375/2011.

15) ILC Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts 2001.

16) Labuda, Patryk I. (2020). “The Killing of Soleimani, the Use of Force against Iraq and Overlooked Jus Ad Bellum Questions,” www.ejiltalk.org.

17) Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, I.C.J Reports 1996, Advisory Opinion, para. 41.

18) Milanovic, Marko. (2020). “The Soleimani Strike and Self-Defence Against an Imminent Armed Attack,” www.ejiltalk.org.

19) Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua, I.C.J. Reports 1986

20) O'Connell, Mary Ellen. (2020). “The Killing of Soleimani and International Law,” www.ejiltalk.org.

21) Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), I.C.J. Reports 2003

22) R v. Donyadideh 114 FLR 43 (1993).

23) Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 2001

24) S/RES/1368 (2001), 12 September 2001

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Univerisity of Qom

Comparative Study on Islamic & Western Law

۲۴۷۶-۴۲۱۳

Univerisity of Qom

10.22091/csiw.2020.5314.1763

Academicm and Research

Assessing the Possibility of Prosecution of Commanders Who Ordered to Terror Martyr Soleimani

Khaleghi

Abolfath

Associate Professor, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Qom.

22 08 2020

7 2 25 62 09 03 2020 19 04 2020

2020

http://csiw.qom.ac.ir/article_1525.html

The extensive grounds of terrorist’s unpunishment, specifically in the newly-founded and governmental crimes, has affected the frequency of these terrorist acts and has led to the increasing development of their anti-human practices in regional and global levels. The unprecedented order and official terror of internationally protected persons, including the commander of the Quds Force by the US president, is the example of a crime that has violated treaties, customary rules and international legal principles and the new forms of terrorism, which could be imitated by other states’ presidents, threatens the peace and stability of the international community. Considering that the terrorist act was committed in the territory of a foreign country with the aiding and abetting of alien’s nationals, the victim's country is not easily able to prosecute the commanders who ordered and perpetrators of that incident. This is due to the fact that the terrorist act has occurred outside the territory of the Islamic Republic of Iran and therefore the principle of territorial jurisdiction, which is the basis for the determination and recognition of the competent courts and law, cannot be enforced. Overcoming this fundamental obstacle and finding legal solutions to achieve the governing rules and the competent authority by exploring the jurisdictional aspects of international institutions is a challenge that has been addressed in this article through a descriptive-analytic method of study. Strategies such as applying the principles of substitute competence, using the capacity of the relevant states’ cooperation, legal capacity-creating based on the measures tested in the world community, constitute applicable responses for solving the problem.

Terrorism Prosecution Jurisdiction Martyr Soleimani Quds Force

1) احمدی، اصغر، تقی زاده انصاری،محمد، ۱۳۹۵ش، مقایسه تطبیقی اصول صلاحیتی برون مرزی در قوانین جزایی آلمان، چین و.... ، فصلنامه علمی- ترویجی مطالعات بین‌المللی پلیس، سال ششم، ش ۲۵.

2) پوربافرانی، حسن، 1390ش، تحول اصل صلاحیت واقعی در لایحه جدید مجازات اسلامی با نگاهی تطبیقی، فصلنامۀ علمی-پژوهشی دیدگاه‌های حقوق قضایی، ش 5.

3) -----------، ١٣٩٢ش، حقوق جزای بین‌الملل، تهران، انتشارات جنگل،چ3.

4) حجتی، مهدی؛ 1395ش، بررسی تحولات قانون مجازات اسلامی- اصل صلاحیت شخصی قوانین کیفری، مجله کانون وکلای دادگستری مرکز، سال شصت و هفتم، ش 234.

5) رضوی فرد، بهزاد، نمامیان، پیمان، 1394ش، رویارویی با بی کیفری تروریسم؛ راهبردی نوین در پرتو تحولات نظام حقوق بین‌المللی کیفری، مجله راهبرد، سال بیست و چهارم، ش 76.

6) سلیمی ترکمانی، حجت؛ 1397ش، تروریسم و نظام عدالت کیفری: دیوان کیفری بین‌المللی یا دادگاه مختلط؟، پژوهشنامه حقوق کیفری، دوره 9، ش 2، ش پیاپی 18.

7) ضیایی، سیدیاسر، حکیمی‌ها،سعید، 1395ش، شرایط حقوقی اعمال صلاحیت جهانی در حقوق بین‌الملل، فصلنامه پژوهش حقوق عمومی، سال هجدهم، ش 53 .

8) فروغی، فضل الله؛ 1388ش، منشأ و ماهیت حقوقی اصل صلاحیت جهانی، مطالعات حقوقی دانشگاه شیراز، دور اول ش 3.

9) کامینگا، منوتی، 1382ش، اعمال صلاحیت جهانی در رابطه با جرائم سنگین حقوق بشری، مترجم محمدجواد شریعت باقری، مجله حقوقی بین‌المللی، دوره 20، ش 28.

10)مومنی، مهدی، 1396ش، ارزیابی اعمال صلاحیت جزایی ایران و دیوان کیفری بین‌المللی نسبت به جنایات ارتکابی داعش در سوریه و عراق، پژوهش‌های حقوق تطبیقی، دوره 21 ، ش 1.

11)میرمحمدصادقی، حسین، ایزدیار، علی، 1392ش، صلاحیت مبتنی بر تابعیت مجنی علیه با تاکید بر قانون جدید مجازات اسلامی، آموزه‌های حقوق کیفری ، ش 5 .

12)نمامیان، پیمان؛ 1390ش، صلاحیت قضایی دیوان کیفری بین‌المللی در رسیدگی به تروریسم فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی، سال چهاردهم، ش1 ،ش. مسلسل 51.

13) قانون اساسی

14) قانون استخدامی سپاه

15) قانون العقوبات العراقیه رقم 111 لسنة 1969م.

16) قانون تشدید مقابله با اقدامات تروریستی دولت آمریکا.

17) قانون مجازات اسلامی.

18) قانون مقابله با نقض حقوق بشر و اقدامات ماجراجویانه و تروریستی آمریکا در منطقه

19) Bassiouni, Cherif; (2004), The History of Universal Jurisdiction and its place in international crimes under international Law, University of Pennsylvania Press.

20) Bassiouni Cherif and Edward M. Wise; (1995), The Duty to Extradite or Prosecute in International Law, London, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

21) Cedric, Ryngaert;( 2015), Jurisdiction in international law, oxford university press.

22) Charles Pierson; (2004), "Preemptive Self-Defense in an Age of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Operation Iraqi Freedom". Denver Journal of International Law and Policy. University of Denver. 33 (1).

23) Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents 1973.

24) Friedrichs, Jörg; (2006), "Defining the International Public Enemy: The Political Struggle behind the Legal Debate on International Terrorism", Journal of International Law, Vol. 19, No. 1.

25) probe of Soleimani killing 2020/01/08.

26) International Court of Justice, Reports of Judgments.

27) Measures to eliminate international terrorism, Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 7 December 2017.

28) Scharf Michael; (2011), Special Tribunal for Lebanon Issues Landmark Ruling on Definition of Terrorism and Modes of Participation, The American Society of International Law, Issue: 6, Volume: 15.

29) Statement by the Department of Defense, Jan. 2, 2020: At the direction of the President, the U.S. military has taken decisive defensive action to protect U.S. personnel abroad by killing Qasem Soleimani, the head of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps-Quds Force.

30) The Princeton Principles on Universal Jurisdiction, 2001.

31) United Nations S/RES/, 1373, Adopted by the Security Council at its 4385th meeting, on 28 September 2001.

32) United Nations S/RES/1368 Security Council, 12 September 200,1Resolution 1368 (2001)

33) United Nations, Security Council .Generals/RES/1269 (1999)19 October 1999

34) https://article.tebyan.net.

35) https://fa.alalamtv.net/news/4653681.

36) https://www.asriran.com/fa/news.

37) https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content /article /163/29391. html.

38) https://www.interpol.int, Argentinean .

39) https://www.khabaronline.ir/news/1354285.

40) https://www.salon.com/un rapporteur on extrajudicial executions wants official.

41) France Penal Code , 1992 .

42) Iraq Penal Code, 1969._||_

Univerisity of Qom

Comparative Study on Islamic & Western Law

۲۴۷۶-۴۲۱۳

Univerisity of Qom

10.22091/csiw.2020.5315.1764

Academicm and Research

The Most Important Legal Solutions of Islamic Republic of Iran in Responding the Assassination of Martyr Lieutenant General Qassem Soleimani

rasihidi

mahnaz

Ph. D. in International Law, Faculty of Law, University of Qom.

Mashhadi

Ali

. Associate Professor, Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Law, University of Qom.

22 08 2020

7 2 63 90 09 03 2020 18 04 2020

2020

http://csiw.qom.ac.ir/article_1621.html

After assassination of Major General Qassem Soleimani on January 2020 by the USA, an issue that arose between Iranian and international jurists from the beginning was the legal response of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the incident. This key question came to mind that which legal response to US illegal action should or can take place? In this regard, numerous opinions and guidelines were put forward by national and international jurists. Lodging Complaint in international judicial bodies, putting forward the criminal responsibility of the perpetrators, self-defense, reprisal and countermeasure, putting forward the US government's international responsibility before International Court of Justice, lodging complaint before national courts and employing human rights means to condemn US were the most important ones among these guidelines. This paper attempts to examine these legal responses within the context of existing international law and national legal rules of Iran and Iraq. The basic presumption of this article in answering the main question is that among the legal remedies available in the current circumstances lodging a complaint in International Court of Justice seems more appropriate.

Martyr Qassem Soleimani Human Rights self-defense International Terrorism International Court of Justice

1) اسچب، جان و اسچب دوم، جان، 1383ش، گزیده متون حقوقی حقوق جزای آمریکا همراه با واژهنامه انگلیسی- فارسی، تهران، موسسه فرهنگی انتشاراتی نگاه بینه.

2) اسماعیلی، مهدی، 1395 ش، صلاحیت رسیدگی به جرایم تروریستی در قوانین ایران، مجله حقوقی دادگستری، دوره 80، ش94.

3) تقی زاده انصاری، مصطفی، 1387 ش، شورای حقوق بشر سازمان ملل متحد، اندیشههای حقوق خصوصی، سال 5، ش 13.

4) حبیب زاده، محمد جعفر و حکیمی ها، سعید، 1386 ش، ضرورت جرم انگاری تروریسم در حقوق کیفری ایران، فصلنامه مدرس علوم انسانی، دوره ۱۱، ش ۲.

5) ذاکر حسین، محمدهادی، 1398 ش، نشست بررسی ابعاد حقوقی و بین المللی ترور سپهبد شهید حاج قاسم سلیمانی، تهران: پژوهشگاه قوه قضاییه.

6) عبداللهی، سید محمدعلی، 1396 ش، گزارش نشست علمی: تحلیل طرح دعوی ایران علیه آمریکا در دیوان بین المللی دادگستری در پرتو رأی صادره در قضیه مصونیت های صلاحیتی دولت (آلمان علیه ایتالیا)، تهران: پژوهشگاه قوه قضاییه.

7) عبداللهی، محسن و شافع، میرشهبیز، 1386 ش، مصونیت قضایی دولت در حقوق بین الملل، تهران: معاونت پژوهش، تدوین و تنقیح قوانین و مقررات.

8) قانون الزام دولت به پیگیری جبران خسارات ناشی از اقدامات و جنایات آمریکا علیه ایران و اتباع ایرانی، 1395 ش.

9) قانون صلاحیت دادگستری جمهوری اسلامی ایران برای رسیدگی به دعاوی مدنی علیه دولتهای خارجی، 1391 ش.

10) قانون مجازات اسلامی، 1392 ش.

11) قانون مقابله با نقض حقوق بشر و اقدامات ماجراجویانه و تروریستی آمریکا در منطقه، 1396 ش.

12) منفرد، مهوش و طباطبایی، سید احمد، 1396 ش، «بررسی سازوکار نهادهای معاهداتی حقوق بشری»، دو فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق بشر اسلامی، سال ۶، شماره ۱۲.

13) میرعباسی، سید باقر و سادات میدانی، سید حسین، 1387 ش، دادرسی های بین المللی، دیوان بینالمللی دادگستری، تهران، جنگل جاودانه.

14) Agreement between the United States of America and the Republic of Iraq on the Withdrawal of United States Forces from Iraq and the Organization of Their Activities during Their Temporary Presence in Iraq (SOFA Agreement between the United States of America and the Republic of Iraq), (2008).

15) Alexandrov, Stanimir A, (1996), Self-Defense Against the Use of Force in International Law, The Hauge: Kluwer Law International.

16) Alexandrov, Stanimir A, (2006), “The Compulsory Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice: How Compulsory Is It?”, Chinease Journal of International Law, Vol. 5, Issue. 1.

17) Anti-Terrorism Law, (2005).

18) Authorization for the Use of Military Force, (2001).

19) Buergenthal, Thomas, (2001), “The UN Human Rights Committee”, Max Planck UNYB 5.

20) Callamard, Agnes, (2020), Twitter, Available at: https://twitter.com/agnescallamard/status/1212918159096864768?lang=en, (2020).

21) Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Merits, ICJ Rep, (1986).

22) Case Concerning Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Merits, ICJ Rep, (2003).

23) Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents, (1973).

24) Crowell Moring, (2008),The ABCs of Cross-Border Litigation in the United States. Available at: https://www.crowell.com/files/ABC-Guide-to-Cross-Border-Litigation_Crowell-Moring.pdf, (2020).

25) Dinstein, Yoram, (2011), War, Aggression and Self-Defense, New York: Cambridge University Press.

26) Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission partial Award: “Jus Ad Bellum”, Ethiopia's claims 1 -8, Between the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the State of Eritrea, (2005), Cite as: 45 International Legal Materials 430, (2006).

27) Fransworth, E. Allan, (2010), An Introduction to the Legal System of the United States, NewYork: Oxford University Press.

28) Godet, Blaise, (2008), “La Création et le Fonctionnement du Conseil des droits de l'homme”, Relations internationales, n° 136.

29) Greenwood, Christopher, (2011), “Self- Defence”, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, available at: http://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e401?prd=EPIL, (2020).

30) Hüfner, Klaus, (2010), How to File Complaints on Human Rights Violations, Vol 1, Berlin: Publication of the German Commission for UNESCO.

31) “Human Right Complaint Procedure”, (nd), Available at: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/ComplaintProcedure/Pages/HRCComplaintProcedureIndx.aspx, (2020).

32) ICC. (nd), Understanding the International Criminal Court. Available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/PIDS/publications/UICCEng.pdf

33) Jacomy-Millette, A, (1975), “La Violence, le Droit et la Politique: Réflexion sur le Problème de la Protection Internationale des Diplomates”, Études internationales, Vol.6, Issue. 1.

34) Mettraux, Guénaël; Dugard, John & du Plessis, Max, (2018), “Heads of State Immunities, International Crimes and President Bashir’s Visit to South Africa”, International Criminal Law Review, Vol. 18, Issue. 4.

35) Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights, (2008), “Manual of the United Nations Human Rights Special Procedures”.

36) Paddeu, Federica, (2018), Justification and Excuse in International Law: Concept and Theory of General Defences, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

37) Security Council, (2001), S/RES/1373.

38) Shaw. Malcolm N, (2008), International Law, Sixth Edition, New York: Cambridge University Press.

39) Sierpinkski, Batyah, (2006), “La Legitime Defense en Droit International: Quelques Observations Sur un Concept Juridique Ambigu”, Revue Québécoise de Droit International, Vol. 19, Issue. 1.

40) Statute of International Court of Justice, (1945).

41) the U.S. War Powers Resolution, (1973).

42) U.S. Senate, (1992), U.S. Senate Report on Ratification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

43) Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, (1969).

44) Weckel, Philippe, (2005), “Nouvelles Pratiques Américaines en Matière de Légitime Défense?”, New American self-defense practices, Sur: https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/9_128-137.pdf

45) Zani, Mamud, (2008), “Le Conseil des Droits de L’homme des Nations Unies: Un Mécanisme d’affaiblissement ou de renforcement des procédures de contrôle?”, Études Internationales, Vol. 39(3).

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Univerisity of Qom

Comparative Study on Islamic & Western Law

۲۴۷۶-۴۲۱۳

Univerisity of Qom

10.22091/csiw.2020.5214.1740

Academicm and Research

The Americanization of International Law and Challenges Meeting International Community: Targeted Assassination of Major Gen. Qassem Soleimani

zamani

seyed ghasem

 Professor, Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Allame Tabataba’i University

Berelian

Pouya

P.H.D. Student of International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Allameh Tabatabai University.

22 08 2020

7 2 91 122 19 02 2020 24 06 2020

2020

http://csiw.qom.ac.ir/article_1586.html

Undoubtedly, one of the most important threats and challenges to modern international law in the coming age is the Americanization of International Law by the United States. Imposing US government sovereignty and hegemony on the legal rules, procedure and performance of international organizations more than anything sacrifices the solidarity of international law advocates and the globalization process in line with strengthening the interests and national security of powers. The above process, which prefers politic and power over law, has reached its peak during the 45th President of the United States, Donald Trump, and it has been based on the transparent operation and procedure regarding international laws, despite facing accusations such as adopting contradictory measures in foreign policy, major US policies, especially in the Trump era. In the meantime, the targeted assassination of Gen. Qassem Soleimani and his companions on January 3, 2020, ordered by Donald Trump, is considered as a comprehensive manifestation of the United States' attempt for Americanization of international law. In this article, through employing the library and internet resources and using international documents, the approach of the Americanization of International Law and challenges meeting international community would be examined and scrutinized.

unilateralism Americanization of International Law International Law Targeted Assassination General Soleimani

1) امیدی، علی، پوربافرانی، حسن، پورعلی، ایمان، 1395ش، مواجهۀ دو دیدگاه حقوقی: تحلیلی بر تعامل و تقابل جمهوری اسلامی ایران با شورای حقوق بشر سازمان ملل، فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی دانشگاه تهران، ش3.

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Univerisity of Qom

Comparative Study on Islamic & Western Law

۲۴۷۶-۴۲۱۳

Univerisity of Qom

10.22091/csiw.2020.5291.1760

Academicm and Research

Targeted Killing from the Perspective of International Law and US Domestic Law: A Case Study of the Assassination of Major General Soleimani

Azizi

Sattar

Associate Professor of International Law, Department of Law, Faculty of Humanities, Bu-Ali Sina University

22 08 2020

7 2 123 150 28 02 2020 24 06 2020

2020

http://csiw.qom.ac.ir/article_1582.html

The assassination of Martyr Qassem Soleimani, by order of the President of the United States, raised the issue of the legality of the assassination in terms of international law and the US domestic legal system in legal circles. The Israeli and US governments have coined the concept of "Targeted Killing" with the pretext of combating terrorism and have assassinated those who they believed to be terrorists and in fact opposed them. In this article, through a comparative study, the institution of targeted killing is examined from the standpoint of international law and US domestic law. In US domestic law, assassination is prohibited by Executive Order 12333. In the recent two decades, targeted killings of al-Qaeda and Taliban members have been carried out under specific congressional rules, and the assassination of General Soleimani has not been authorized by Congress to use force against Iran. Furthermore, owing to the fact that General Soleimani was one of the military commanders of the Iranian government and there is no armed conflict between the governments of Iran and the United States, this targeted assassination is contrary to international law, including international human rights law and international humanitarian law.

General Soleimani Targeted Killing Terror Right to Life

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24) Plaw, Avery (2008), Targeting Terrorist: A License to Kill? , U.S.A, Ashgate Publishing Company.

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26) Ronzitti, Natalino (2006), "The Expanding Law of Self-Defense" Journal of Conflict and Security Law,vol:11,Issue:3.Pp.343-359

27) Ruys, tom (2010), Armed attack and Article 51 of the UN Charter: Evolution in Customary Law and Practice, U.K. Cambridge University Press.

28) Schmitt, Michael (1992), “State-sponsored Assassination in International and Domestic Law,” Yale Journal of International Law, Vol: 17, pp.609-685.

29) Statman, Daniel (2004), “Targeted Killing,” Theoretical Inquiries in Law, Vol: 5, No.1, pp.179-198.

30) Stein, Yael (2003), “By Any Name Illegal and Immoral,” Ethics and International Affairs, Vol: 17, Issue.1.

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Univerisity of Qom

Comparative Study on Islamic & Western Law

۲۴۷۶-۴۲۱۳

Univerisity of Qom

10.22091/csiw.2020.5317.1765

Academicm and Research

Assassination of Major General Soleimani under the International Law on the Use of Force

Fazaeli

Mostafa

Associate Professor, Department of International Law, Faculty of Law, University of Qom.

22 08 2020

7 2 151 188 09 03 2020 24 06 2020

2020

http://csiw.qom.ac.ir/article_1583.html

At the dawn of 3 January 2020, a surprising unpredicted event reported via mass media and made the whole Iranian nation and many peoples in the region deeply shocked and sad and caused serious concerns of many politicians and statesmen, even in the United States of America. Assassination of the most influential commander in the frontline against the Takfiri terrorism in the region by American military forces in Iraq, under the direct command of the president of this state, has raised numerous discussions including among lawyers. How could the assassination of a governmental high-ranking military commander, not in a battlefield, but during an official mission not of a military kind, but a diplomatic one to make a dialogue with the authorities of the host state for decreasing the regional tensions be characterized according to international law on the use of force? How much the American alleged justifications could be heard and valid? What would be the international legal consequences of the US attack? This study, through analyzing the facts related to the case and evaluating alleged justifications of the United States that are mainly around self-defense, on the basis of governing rules and regulations on the use of force, has come to this conclusion that the US act lacks any legal justification and is an manifest example of illegal resorting to force which is incompatible with UN Charter. Furthermore, it has violated the US-Iraq bilateral agreements and specifically Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA). and in accordance with the Declaration on the Definition of Aggression and the Rome Statute, is the example of act of aggression and paves the way of international responsibility of US governments and criminal responsibility of persons engaged in the commission of this illegitimate act.

Terrorism Major General Soleimani International Law on the Use of Force self-defense Trump

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27) Mason, R. Chuck (Legislative Attorney), (2009), U.S.-Iraq Withdrawal/Status of Forces Agreement: Issues for Congressional Oversight, July 13, p. 10, www.crs.gov/R40011/CRS-Report-for-congress.

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34) Swart, Mia, (2020), "To Stop a War: Did Soleimani Killing Violate International Law?, Experts Agree use of Self-defense as Justification for Killing Soleimani Requires Proof of 'Imminent Attack' ", at https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/stop-war-soleimani-killing-violate-international-law-200105050718644.html

35) ICJ, Reports, (1986), p. 101&103.

36) ICJ Reports, (2003), Oil Platforms (Iran v. United States).

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42) https://aftabnews.ir/fa/news/630594.

_||_

Univerisity of Qom

Comparative Study on Islamic & Western Law

۲۴۷۶-۴۲۱۳

Univerisity of Qom

10.22091/csiw.2020.5187.1734

Academicm and Research

U.S. International Responsibility for Martyrdom of Major General Soleimani

ghasemi

gholamali

Associate Professor, Department of International Law, Faculty of Law, University of Qom.

Setayeshpur

Mohamad

Ph. D. in International Law, Faculty of Law, University of Qom.

22 08 2020

7 2 189 216 31 01 2020 24 06 2020

2020

http://csiw.qom.ac.ir/article_1580.html

Drone airstrike in the territory of Iraq led to martyrdom of Major General Qasem Soleimani and nine of his companions. The present paper has collected the information through a library approach in order to answer the question of legal status of US action in the martyrdom of Major General Soleimani under international responsibility in violation of human rights obligations. This research is based on an assumption according to which US is responsible and the as a result, the related consequences can be sought under international law. Martyrdom of General Soleimani and his companions had been committed by US president direct order, according to his implicit statement. Therefore it is attributed to USA pursuant to article 4 of International law commission’s Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA 2001), and has been regarded breach of international obligations of the state in question in the realm of treaty and customary of international human rights. As such, both attribution and breach of international obligation, as two elements of internationally wrongful act have been realized and USA is regarded responsible in accordance with Articles 1 and 2 of ARSIWA 2001. USA as the wrongdoer state must provide a valid and persuasive Assurance of non-repetition (Article 30(b) of ARSIWA 2001), must compensate and provide satisfaction (Articles 36 and 37 of ARSIWA 2001). Satisfaction and Assurance of non-repetition must be valid and real and, in this situation, complete withdrawal of US forces from the region in question and specially Iraq, may make it achievable.

Martyr Soleimani United States of America Trump Administration Breach of International Obligation Internationally Wrongful Act International Responsibility

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_||_

Univerisity of Qom

Comparative Study on Islamic & Western Law

۲۴۷۶-۴۲۱۳

Univerisity of Qom

10.22091/csiw.2020.5237.1748

Academicm and Research

Legal Aspects of Martyrdom of Major General Qassem Soleimani by the United States in Iraq

Karamzadeh

Siamak

Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Humanities, Shahed University, Tehran,.

Abedini

Abdollah

Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch.

22 08 2020

7 2 217 244 15 02 2020 24 06 2020

2020

http://csiw.qom.ac.ir/article_1581.html

During a military operation on Friday, January 3, 2020, the US government killed Major General Qassem Soleimani near the Baghdad Airport. The US Department of State announced that this operation has been conducted by the order of President Donald Trump. This act sparked a vast reaction at the international level. Specifically, the Iraqi government expressed its opposition regarding the operation on the territory of Iraq to the UN Security Council. The US operation in martyrdom of Major General Qassem Soleimani is a gross violation of international law. According to the Statute of the International Criminal Court, this act is regarded as the crime of aggression and its perpetrators are prosecutable by International Criminal Court. In addition, the US action against martyr Qassem Soleimani violates the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Offenses against Internationally Protected Persons of 1973 dispute of the parties on which can be presented before the International Court of Justice. This article attempts to examine this incident in terms of international legal aspects through reviewing the analyses presented as regards it. While outlining the illegality of the United States' operation in martyrdom of Major General Qassem Soleimani and his associates, available remedies will be suggested as well.

Resort to Force Self Defense International Criminal Court International Court of Justice SOFA

1) توسلی نائینی، منوچهر ، محسن پور، سمیرا، 1393ش، بررسی سیر تحول توسل به زور علیه تروریسم بین المللی از دیدگاه حقوق بین الملل و رویه قضایی بین المللی، مجله مطالعات حقوقی، ش 3.

2) خانه اندیشمندان علوم انسانی، 1398ش، نشست تخصصی «ترور سپهبد شهید قاسم سلیمانی از منظر حقوق بین‌الملل» برگزار شده با همکاری بنیاد حقوق بین‌الملل ضیایی بیگدلی و خانه اندیشمندان علوم انسانی مورخ 15 دی ماه 1398، و همچنین، نشست دیگری با همین موضوع در خانه اندیشمندان علوم انسانی در تاریخ 29 دی ماه 1398، هر دو نشست قابل دسترسی در: https://unstudies.ir 3) خانه اندیشمندان علوم انسانی، 1398ش، نشست علمی «بازخوانی ترور سردار شهید قاسم سلیمانی و پیامد‌های آن از منظر حقوق بین الملل»، برگزار شده مورخ 29 دی ماه 1398، قابل دسترسی در: www.tabnak.ir

4) زمانی، سید قاسم، 1389ش، «سیاست قضایی دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری در قبال اصل منع توسل به زور»، در نقش دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری در تداوم و توسعه حقوق بین‌الملل، تهران، انجمن ایرانی سازمان ملل متحد.

5) Agreement Between the United States of America and the Republic of Iraq On the Withdrawal of United States Forces from Iraq and the Organization of Their Activities during Their Temporary Presence in Iraq, 2008, at: https://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/world/20081119_SOFA_FINAL_AGREED_TEXT.pdf

6) Alleged crimes committed in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/palestine

7) Convention on Special Missions (1969), at: https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/9_3_1969.pdf

8) Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents (1973), at: https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/9_4_1973.pdf

9) Definition of Aggression, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3314 (XXIX), at: http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/GAres3314.html

10) Elements of Crimes, at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/336923D8-A6AD-40EC-AD7B-45BF9DE73D56/0/ElementsOfCrimesEng.pdf

11) Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission, Partial Award - Jus Ad Bellum - Ethiopia's Claims 1-8, (2006), at: https://pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/763 12) Heller, Kevin Jon (2012), “Why Preventive Self-Defense Violates the UN Charter”, at: http://opiniojuris.org/2012/03/07/why-preventive-self-defense-violates-the-un-charter/

13) https://farsi.euronews.com/2020/01/05/iraq-parliament-calls-on-government-to-end-presence-of-us-led-international-coalition 14) Interview With Steve Doocy, Brian Kilmeade, and Ainsley Earhardt of Fox & Friends (2020), at: https://www.state.gov/secretary-michael-r-pompeo-with-steve-doocy-ainsley-earhardt-and-brian-kilmeade-of-fox-and-friends/

15) Iraq complains to UN over U.S. attacks -foreign ministry” (2020), at: https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSS8N27L04K

16) Iraq International Travel Information” (2020), at: https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/international-travel/International-Travel-Country-Information-Pages/Iraq.html#/

17) Iraqis Push for U.S. Troop Withdrawal in Symbolic Vote (2020), at: https://time.com/5759101/iraqi-parliament-vote-for-us-withdrawal/

18) It's important to remember the role Soleimani played in the fight against ISIS” (2020), at: https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/baghdad-airport-strike-live-intl-hnk/h_02d5a17ad0eebe80128bda0388b8be36

19) Kataeb Hezbollah Will 'Likely Regret' Further Provocative Behavior” (2020), at: https://www.defense.gov/explore/story/Article/2049385/esper-kataeb-hezbollah-will-likely-regret-further-provocative-behavior/

20) Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, (2004), at: https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/131

21) Letter dated 3 January 2020 from the Permanent Representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council (2020), at: https://undocs.org/en/S/2020/13 22) Milanovic, Marko (2020), Iran Unlawfully Retaliates Against the United States, Violating Iraqi Sovereignty in the Process, at: https://www.ejiltalk.org 23) Milanovic, Marko (2020), The Soleimani Strike and Self-Defence Against an Imminent Armed Attack, at: https://www.ejiltalk.org 24) O'Connell, Mary Ellen (2020), The Killing of Soleimani and International Law, at: https://www.ejiltalk.org

25) Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), (2003), at: https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/90/090-20031106-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf

26) Randelzhofer and Georg Notle, (2012), Article 51, in, Bruno Simma et la, The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, 3th ed, Oxford University Press.

27) Senior DOD Official Describes Rationale for Attack on Quds Force Commander”, at:https://www.defense.gov/explore/story/Article/2050341/senior-dod-official-describes-rationale-for-attack-on-quds-force-commander/

28) Special Tribunal for Lebanon, at: https://www.stl-tsl.org/en

29) Statement by the Department of Defense” (2020), at: https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Releases/Release/Article/2049534/statement-by-the-department-of-defense/

30) Status of Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents, at: https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XVIII-7&chapter=18&clang=_en

31) The Iraqi Foreign Ministry raised a complaint in two identical letters sent to both the President of the Security Council and the Secretary-General of the United Nations” (2020), at: https://www.mofa.gov.iq/2020/01/?p=7424

32) The reason Qassem Soleimani was in Baghdad shows how complex the Iran crisis is” (2020), at: https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/qassem-soleimani-death-iran-baghdad-middle-east-iraq-saudi-arabia-a9272901.html

33) UK's Raab says U.S. had right of self defense in Soleimani killing” (2020), at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-security-raab-legal/uks-raab-says-u-s-had-right-of-self-defense-in-soleimani-killing-idUSKBN1Z408N

_||_

Univerisity of Qom

Comparative Study on Islamic & Western Law

۲۴۷۶-۴۲۱۳

Univerisity of Qom

10.22091/csiw.2020.5417.1791

Academicm and Research

Legal Assessment of the Possibility of Characterizing the Assassination of Major General Soleimani and Others as a Crime against Humanity

NAJANDIMANESH

HEYBATOLLAH

Assistant Professor, Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Law & Political Science, Allameh Tabatabai` University.

22 08 2020

7 2 245 275 16 04 2020 24 06 2020

2020

http://csiw.qom.ac.ir/article_1585.html

On 3 January 2020, USA government assassinated an Iranian high-ranking military official and some of his companions by a drone near the Baghdad Airport. This act of USA was conducted by the direct order of its president. This article has dealt with this question whether assassination of Major General Soleimani and his colleagues can be legally characterized as a crime against humanity? To answer this question, the author has tried to analyze and examine the subject in the light of the relevant international law documents and case-law. According to the findings of this research, given the illegitimate and protracted US sanctions against the Iranian nation as a widespread or systematic attack against the civilian population (including the ill persons) in accordance or to further the US policy, the assassination of General Soleimani and other Iranian nationals as a part of this widespread and organized attack may be qualified as a crime against humanity. In accordance with the finding of this article, it is suggested that good cause evidence and documents be provided for proving that the US is committing course of conduct as a widespread or systematic attack against the Iranian population. It is necessary that more researches concentrate on this subject and specifically on US sanctions against Iranian people

Crimes against Humanity General Soleimani United States of America International Human Rights Law International Criminal Court

1) دلاورپور اقدم، مصطفی،1390 ش، واکاوی تحریم های آمریکا علیه جمهوری اسلامی ایران در قالب تحلیل گفتمان، دفتر سیاسی، مرکز پژوهش های مجلس شورای اسلامی، شماره مسلسل 10918.

2) عاملی، سعیدرضا ، محسنی آهویی، ابراهیم ،1398 ش ، فقدان مشروعیت قانونی- بین المللی تحریم و نقض حقوق بشر، موسسه اسلامی حقوق بشر.

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