A Comparative Study of The Normativity of The Right to Assembly in Iran's Legal System and International Human Rights

Document Type : Academicm and Research

Authors

1 Assistant Prof., Department of Law, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.

2 M.A. on Criminal Law Graduated of Allameh Tabatabaee University, Tehran, Iran .

Abstract

The right to assemble is a natural, shared, and civic activity that is generally accepted
both in documentation and in practice, except in exceptional cases. Specifically, the law
of countries defines the limits of assembly, and deviation from legal arrangements
is unjustifiable. However, due to ambiguities in the laws or a lack of awareness of regulations, the expressing protests by individuals sometimes unintentionally involves criminal actions. Then, transnational documents have established positive and negative obligations for governments to respect this right. Despite the development of certain concepts in these documents to include actions and disorders that are not accepted in any legal system, many instances have also been highlighted regarding the transparency and dissemination of restrictive regulations. In Iran’s constitutional law, there is no major limitation foreseen for the right to assembly; however, the use of broad, interpretable, and expandable concepts constrains the exercise of this right. The general and ambiguous concept of not disturbing the foundations of Islam in the Constitution, and subsequently, the bills and legal drafts presented to the Parliament to describe these principles, despite having positive aspects, justify most of the restrictions. Such drafts and bills transfer the same ambiguity to ordinary laws. Therefore, this article, with a descriptive and analytical approach, aims to clarify existing ambiguities and reduce the amount of criminal behavior resulting from citizens' lack of awareness. Finally, through a comparative study, it concludes that enacting appropriate laws and providing sufficient and transparent information prevents concerns about freedom restrictions following participation in assemblies.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

ارسطا، محمدجواد و اکبری، مینا (1396). «تأملی بر جایگاه نافرمانی مدنی در اسناد بین‌المللی، فقه سیاسی شیعه و نظام حقوقی ایران»، پژوهش تطبیقی حقوق اسلام و غرب، سال چهارم، شماره ۲.
اسلامی، رضا و کمالوند، محمدمهدی (1393). «چالش‌های آزادی اجتماعات در سیستم حقوقی ایران در پرتو نظام بین‌المللی حقوق بشر»، مجله حقوقی بین‌المللی، شماره 50.
آقابابایی، حسین (1402). «حق اجتماع مسالمت‌آمیز در عرصه عمومی در سنجه شرع و حقوق ایران»، نشریه حقوق بشر، سال هجدهم، شماره 1.
جنگجوی خلجان، فاطمه و کلهر، حسینعلی (1396). «تحلیل آزادی تجمعات و تظاهرات در نظام حقوقی ایران و اسناد بین‌المللی»، نشریه حقوق بشر و شهروندی، سال دوم، شماره ۲، پیاپی 4.
زرگری‌نژاد، نسیم و رنجبریان، امیرحسین (1395). «چیستی و چگونگی اعمال حق تجمع مسالمت‌آمیز: تحلیلی بر دستاورد گزارشگر ویژه ملل متحد»، نشریه مطالعات حقوق عمومی، دوره 46، شماره 2.
مکارم شیرازی، ناصر (۱۴۰۲). تبیین عبارت (اخلال در مبانی اسلام) در قانون اساسی، پایگاه اطلاع‌رسانی دفتر حضرت آیت‌الله‌العظمی مکارم شیرازی، دسترسی در سایت https://makarem.ir/، اولین مشاهده در تاریخ 22/02/1402.
اعلامیه جهانی حقوق بشر مصوب 1948.
آیین‌نامه چگونگی تأمین امنیت اجتماعات و راهپیمایی‌های قانونی مصوب 1381.
صورت مشروح مذاکرات مجلس بررسی نهایی قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران، تهران: نشر اداره کل امور فرهنگی و روابط عمومی مجلس شورای اسلامی، 1364.
طرح اجرای اصل 27 قانون اساسی 1397.
طرح اجرای اصل 27 قانون اساسی.
طرح نحوه تشکیل اجتماعات و برگزاری راهپیمایی‌ها 1400.
طرح نحوه تشکیل اجتماعات و برگزاری راهپیمایی‌ها، اعلام وصول 21/2/1400.
قانون اساسی مصوب 1358 و بازنگری 1368.
قانون تدوین و تنقیح قوانین و مقررات کشور مصوب 1389.
قانون فعالیت احزاب، جمعیت‌ها و انجمن‌های سیاسی و صنفی و انجمن‌های اسلامی یا اقلیت‌های دینی شناخته شده مصوب 1360.
قانون مجازات اسلامی مصوب 1392.
قانون مجازات قاچاق اسلحه و مهمات و دارندگان سلاح و مهمات غیرمجاز مصوب 1390.
قانون نحوه فعالیت احزاب و گروه‌های سیاسی مصوب 1395.
لایحهٔ نحوه برگزاری تجمعات و راهپیمایی‌ها 1402.
میثاق بین‌المللی حقوق مدنی و سیاسی 1966.
 
References
Berggren, Niclas; Bjørnskov, Christian; 2023, Does legal freedom satisfy? European Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 55.
Waldron, Jeremy; Summer 2020 Edition, The Rule of Law, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta (ed.),  
URL = https: //plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2020/entries/rule-of-law/, accessed on 2023/05/13.
Council of Europe; 1950, European Convention on Human Rights.
Human Rights Committee; 17 September 2020, General comment No. 37 on the right of peaceful assembly (article 21), CCPR/C/GC/37.
Human Rights Committee; 2006, Hamid Reza Taghi Khadje v. Netherlands, Communication No. 1438/2005, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/88/D/1438/2005.
Human Rights Committee; 2013, Sergey Kovalenko v. Belarus, Communication No. 1808/2008, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/108/D/1808/2008.
Human Rights Committee; 2014, Vasily Poliakov v. Belarus, Communication No. 2103/2011, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/111/D/2103/2011.
UN General Assembly; 1948, Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
UN General Assembly; 1966, INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS.
Venice Commission; The Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE); The Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR); 2020, Guidelines on freedom of peaceful assembly (3rd EDITION).
Persian Sources
Arasta, Mohammad Javad, Akbari, Mina. )2017( "Reflections on the Role of Civil Disobedience in International Documents, Shiite Political Jurisprudence, and the Iranian Legal System." Comparative Research in Islamic and Western Law, Vol. 4, No. 2.
Aghababai, Hossein. )2023("The Right to Peaceful Assembly in the Public Sphere: A Comparison of Islamic Law and Iranian Law." Human Rights Journal, 18th year, No. 1.
Islami, Reza, Kamalvand, Mohammad Mehdi. )2014 ("Challenges of Freedom of Assembly
in the Iranian Legal System in the Context of International Human Rights Law." International Legal Journal, No. 50.
Jangjou Khalejan, Fatemeh, Kalhor, Hossein Ali (2017) "Analysis of the Freedom of Assembly and Demonstrations in the Iranian Legal System and International Documents." Human Rights and Citizenship Journal, 2nd year, No. 2 (Consecutive Issue 4).
Zargari Nejad, Nasim, Ranjbariyan, Amir Hossein (2016) "The Nature and Implementation of the Right to Peaceful Assembly: An Analysis of the Special Rapporteur's Report." Journal of Public Law Studies, Vol. 46, No. 2.
Bill on the Formation of Assemblies and Holding of Rallies, Received on 2021/02/21.
Bill on the Implementation of Article 27 of the Constitution.
Makarem Shirazi, Naser. "Explanation of the Phrase 'Disturbance of Islamic Foundations' in the Constitution." Office of Grand Ayatollah Makarem Shirazi, accessed at    
https: //makarem.ir/, first viewed on 2023/05/22
The Constitution of 1979 and its Amendments in 1989.
Islamic Penal Code of 2013.
Law on the Penalization of Smuggling of Weapons and Ammunition and Unauthorized Possession of Weapons and Ammunition of 2011.
Law on the Activities of Political Parties, Associations, and Islamic or Recognized Religious Minority Organizations of 1981.
Law on the Activities of Political Parties and Groups of 2016.
Law on the Codification and Clarification of National Laws and Regulations of 2010.
Regulations on Ensuring the Security of Legal Assemblies and Rallies of 2002.
Bill on the Implementation of Article 27 of the Constitution of 2018.
Bill on the Formation of Assemblies and Holding of Rallies of 2021.
Draft Law on the Holding of Assemblies and Rallies of 2023.
Detailed Minutes of the Final Review of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran: Publications of the General Directorate of Cultural Affairs and Public Relations of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, 1985.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966.
 
Send comment about this article
CAPTCHA Image

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics