The relationship between privacy and chastity in general and hijab as its native appearance in the car

Document Type : Academicm and Research

Authors

1 PhD student in Women's Studies, Women's Rights in Islam, University of Religions and Denominations.

2 PhD student in Women's Studies, Women's Rights in Islam, University of Religions and Denominations,.

3 .PhD student in Women's Studies, Women's Rights in Islam.

4 Associate Professor, Department of Social Sciences and Development Studies, Women Research Center, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Taking off the hijab in a car is one of the examples of breaking the law, which is more complicated than Taking off the hijab in the streets and public places. Some people do not allow the application of hijab law in this case, considering the privacy regulations in private cars. Note to Article 5of the law on protection of those who enjoin good and forbid evil approved in 1394 SH, places including vehicles, which are exposed to the public without being searched, are not subject to privacy. In the states of Ohio, Texas, New York, California, and Colorado, despite the absence of the hijab law, unchaste and insolent act in public places and public view, including in cars, is considered a crime. If these acts are committed in a car, depending on state laws, it will result in punishments ranging from fines to imprisonment for the committed. England also applies different types of punishments depending on the type of justice or royal court. Therefore, according to the doctrine of plain sight, the occupants of a vehicle who have exposed themselves to the view of passersby are not protected by privacy. This article has been compiled in a descriptive-analytical-critical way and examines the laws related to chastity and hijab in the privacy of the car in Iran, America and England.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

قرآن
انصاری، محمدباقر (1386). حقوق حریم خصوصی. تهران: سازمان مطالعه و تدوین کتب علوم انسانی دانشگاه‌ها (سمت).
انصاری، محمدباقر (1387). حقوق ارتباط‌جمعی. تهران: سمت.
ترکی رودبار، مصیب (1401). «حق حریم خصوصی در قوانین موضوعه ایران و تطبیق آن در قوانین اسلام». ماهنامه پژوهش ملل، دوره ۷، شماره ۸۱.
جاوید، محمدجواد، و شاهمرادی، عصمت (1396). «جمهوری اسلامی ایران و مسئله بدحجابی». فصلنامه زن در فرهنگ و هنر (پژوهش زنان)، دوره ۹، شماره ۱.
جعفری لنگرودی، محمدجعفر (1388). ترمینولوژی حقوق. تهران: گنج دانش.
حسینی، سیده لطیفه (1403). «حق بر پوشش اسلامی در پرتو ادبیات حق‌محوری حقوق بشر جهانی معاصر». فصلنامه پژوهش تطبیقی حقوق اسلام و غرب، دوره ۱۱، شماره ۱.
زبیدی، محمد بن محمد (1414/1994). تاج العروس من جواهر القاموس. بیروت: چاپ علی شیری.
طریحی، فخرالدین (1416ق). مجمع البحرین. تهران: انتشارات مرتضوی.
غلامی، علی (1391). «حجاب در کشاکش حریم خصوصی و حقوق عمومی». فصلنامه مطالعات حقوقی دولت اسلامی.
مامقانی، عبدالله (1344). مناهج المتقین فی الفقه ائمه الحق و الیقین. نجف: بی‌نا.
متقی، علی بن حسام‌الدین (1378). کنز العمال فی سنن الاقوال و الافعال. بیروت: دارالکتب العلمیه.
مجلسی، محمدباقر (1403). بحارالانوار، [نسخه اینترنتی]. مؤسسه الوفاء.
محمدی ری‌شهری، محمد (1384). میزان الحکمه. قم: دارالحدیث.
موسوی خمینی، روح‌الله (1371). چهل حدیث. تهران: مؤسسه تنظیم و نشر آثار امام خمینیw.
موسوی خمینی، روح‌الله (1384). تحریرالوسیله. تهران: مؤسسه تنظیم و نشر آثار امام خمینیw.
نقیبی، سید ابوالقاسم (1389). «حریم خصوصی در مناسبات و روابط اعضای خانواده». فصلنامه فقه و حقوق خانواده (ندای صادق)، دوره ۱، شماره ۵۲.
نیلی، مجید، باقی‌زاده، محمدجواد و یوسفیان شوردهی، بهنام (1399). «طرح ناظر نیروی انتظامی در مواجهه با افراد بی‌حجاب در خودروها؛ دشواری‌های نظری و عملی». دوفصلنامه مطالعات فقهی-حقوقی زن و خانواده، دوره ۳، شماره ۵.
متن کامل اعلامیه حقوق بشر اسلامی (بی‌تا). بازیابی از: https://humanrights.eadl.ir/news
References
Quran.
A Summary of the TEXAS PENAL CODE.
Bloustein, Edward; 1964, privacy as an Aspect of Human Dignity, an Answer to Dean prosser; NYULR.N.39.
California Penal Code, 2022, Section 314.
Colorado Revised Statutes, 2021.
Consolidated Laws of New York, 2015, ARTICLE 245.
Criminal Procedure Law
European Convention on Human Rights.
Foord، kate,defining privacy; 2000, Melbourne: Victorian law reform commission.
Gavison, Ruth; 1980, Privacy and the Limits of Law, Yale LJ, N.89.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences; 1972, Editor: David Sius, vol. 11 and 12, London: Macmillan Company.
Islamic Penal Code.
Nadeau, Alain Robert, Vie privee et droit fondamentaux, Etude de la protection de la vie privee en droit constitutionnel canadien et American et en droit international, These, Ottawa, Canada(2000).
The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran
The full text of the Declaration of Islamic Human Rights
The law of protection of those who command the good and those who avoid the bad, approved in 2014
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Internet resources
California Penal Code (2021) Section 647 (https://law.justia.com/codes/california/2021/code-pen/part-1/title-15/ chapter-2/section-647)
Ohio Revised Code (2022), Section 2907.09 (https://law.justia.com/codes/ohio/2022/title-29/chapter-2907/section-2907-09)
Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy: privacy, at: http://plato.Stanford.edu/ entries/Privacy.
https://law.justia.com/codes/california/2022/code-pen/part-1/title-9/chapter-8/section-314/
https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/PEN/245.00
https://theprint.in/judiciary/a-private-car-on-a-public-road-is-public-place-rules-sc/256889/ (1july. 2019(
https://california-business-lawyer-corporate-lawyer.com/is-it-illegal-to-have-sex-in-a-car/)April 17th, 2023)(Brad Nakase, Attorney(
https://1039thebreezealbany.com/getting-busy-in-a-parked-car-in-ny-is-legal-under-one-condition) February 15, 2023) Cameron (/
https://sharpcriminalattorney.com/sex-crimes-defense/consequences-for-sex-in-public/, no date.
https://www.weedenlaw.com/is-having-sex-in-a-car-against-the-law (May 18, 2021 Posted by: WeedenLaw)
https://suhrelawdayton.com/blog/is-it-illegal-to-have-sex-in-a-car(September 17, 2019),( Suhre & Associates Law Firm)/
tps://www.jdspicer.co.uk/site/blog/crime-fraud/is-sex-in-public-a-criminal-offence-in-the-uk (18 Dec 2022),
Wikifeqh https://fa.wikifeqh.ir/
Persian Resources
Ansari, Mohammad Baqir; 2008, Mass communication rights; Tehran: Organization of studying and compiling humanities books of universities (Samt).
Ansari, Mohammad Baqir; 2016, privacy rights; Tehran: Organization of studying and compiling humanities books of universities (Samt).
Constitution book
Criminal Procedure Law
Gholami, Ali; 2013, "Hijab in the conflict of privacy and public rights", Islamic State Legal Studies Quarterly.
Hosseini, Seyyedah Latifeh, 2023, "The right to Islamic clothing in the light of contemporary global human rights-oriented literature", Comparative Research of Islamic and Western Laws, Vol 11, Numb 1.
Islamic Penal Code
Jafari Langaroudi, Mohammad Jaafar; 2008, Law Terminology; Tehran: Ganje Danesh.
Javid, Mohammad Javad and Shahmoradi, Esmat; 2016, "The Islamic Republic of Iran and the Issue of Hijab", Women in Culture and Art (Women's Research), Vol 9, Numb 1.
Majlesi, Mohammad Bagher; 2023, Bihar Al-Anwar; Al-Ofa Institute (online version).
Mamqani, Abdullah; 1344 AH, the methods of al-mutaqeen fi fiqh of Imam al-Haq and al-yaqhin; Najaf: None.
Mohammadi Rey Shahri, Mohammad; 2014, Qom: Dar al-Hadith.
Motaghi, Ali bin Hesamuddin; 1378 AH, Kanz al-Amal fi Sunan al-Aqwal and al-Afal; Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-Alamiya.
Mousavi Khomeini, Ruhollah; 1992, forty hadiths; Tehran: Imam Khomeini Editing and Publishing Institute.
Mousavi Khomeini, Ruhollah; 2005, Tahrir Al Wasila; Tehran: Imam Khomeini Editing and Publishing Institute.
Naqibi, Seyyed Abulqasem; 2010, "Privacy in the relationships of family members", Fiqh and Family Law Quarterly (Nadai Sadegh), Vol. 1, No. 52.
Nili, Majid, Baghi Zadeh, Mohammad Javad and Yousufian Shurdehi, Behnam; 2019, "A police force's supervisory plan in the face of people without hijab in cars; Theoretical and practical difficulties", bi-quarterly journal of jurisprudential-legal studies of women and family, Period 3, Numb
Tarihi, Fakhreddin; 1416 AH, Majmae Al-Bahrin; Tehran: Mortazavi bookstore.
The law of protection of those who command the good and those who avoid the bad, approved in 2014.
Turki Rudbar, Mosayeb; 2022, "The right of privacy in Iran's relevant laws and its implementation in Islamic laws", Monthly Research of Nations, Vol 7, Numb 81.
Zubeidi, Mohammad bin Mohammad; 1994, Taj al-Arus Man Javaher al-Qamoos
Send comment about this article
CAPTCHA Image
Comparative Studies on Islamic and Western Law
Volume 12, Issue 3 - Serial Number 45
September 2025
Pages 85-111

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics