Future Research of Crime Prevention Governance in Smart Cities in the Convergence or Violation of the Common Principle of Liberalism and Islamic Teachings

Document Type : Academicm and Research

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran.

2 Associate Professor of Department of Law, Faculty of Humanities, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.

3 Specialized Doctorate in Criminal Law and Criminology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

4 Master of Criminal Law and Criminology, Naraq Branch, Islamic Azad University, Naraq, Iran.

Abstract

This study analyzes and investigates the issue of preventing government espionage in smart cities in order to maintain public security and citizens' rights. It examines the existing challenges and possibilities for countering potential government espionage and violations of human rights and citizens' privacy, and provides scientific and effective measures to create a balance between security objectives and human rights. This article addresses the main question of how advanced technologies can be utilized to prevent widespread government espionage while at the same time preventing violations of human rights and citizens' privacy. The research involves an analysis of various methods and strategies that emphasize the development of media and social literacy, strengthening civil oversight over government actions, and establishing international regulations to control state activities. As Islamic sources, such as verse 12 of Surah Al-Hujurat in the Holy Qur'an which states: "O you who have believed, avoid much [negative] assumption. Indeed, some assumption is sin. And do not spy or backbite each other...", greatly emphasize respect for privacy and the rights of others, this study provides a deeper interpretation of the protection of privacy in Islam and liberal thought. This research stresses that maintaining a balance between public security and human rights in smart cities is essential, and emphasizes the importance of implementing effective policies based on data and scientific evidence. This study promotes new approaches and strategies for managing security in urban environments and encourages policy decisions that support human rights and the privacy of citizens

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

آقابابایی، حسین (1389). «لیبرالیسم، حریم خصوصی و قانون پاتریوت»، فصلنامه سیاست، دوره 40، شماره 2.
انصاری، باقر (1383). «حریم خصوصی و حمایت از آن در حقوق اسلام، تطبیقی و ایران»، مطالعات حقوق خصوصی (حقوق)، شماره 66.
بهره‌مند، حمید و داوودی، ذوالفقار (1397). «پیشگیری اجتماعی از جرائم امنیتی سایبری»، مطالعات حقوق کیفری و جرم‌شناسی، دوره 48، شماره 1.
حائری تهرانی، میر سیدعلی (1419). مقتنیات الدرر و ملتقطات الثمر، چاپ اول، تهران: انتشارات دارالکتاب الاسلامی.
حرانی، حسن (1395). تحف العقول عن آل الرسول، چاپ اول، تهران: انتشارات اسلامیه.
روستایی، شهریور؛ پورمحمدی، محمدرضا و قنبری، حکیمه (1397). «تئوری شهر هوشمند و ارزیابی مؤلفه‌های زیرساختی آن در مدیریت شهری موردشناسی: شهرداری تبریز»، جغرافیا و آمایش منطقه‌ای و شهری، دوره 8، شماره 26.
صادقی، سالار و اکبری، عباسعلی (1399). «بررسی جرم‌شناختی جرائم علیه امنیت کشور با رویکرد جامعه‌شناسی جنایی»، مطالعات جامعه‌شناسی، دوره 13، شماره 48.
صالح‌نیا، علی و بختیاری، حسین (1397). «اولویت‌بندی تهدیدات امنیت ملی جمهوری اسلامی ایران با روش تحلیل سلسله مراتبی (AHP)»، مطالعات راهبردی سیاست‌گذاری عمومی، دوره 8، شماره 27.
صدیق، میر ابراهیم (1395). «انقلاب سایبری و تحول در پدیده جاسوسی»، مطالعات راهبردی، سال 19، شماره 1.
طوسی، محمد بن حسن (1407). التبیان فی التفسیر القرآن، تحقیق: احمد حبیب قصیر، چاپ اول، تهران: انتشارات امین.
عروسی حویزی، عبدعلی بن جمعه (1271). تفسیر نور الثقلین، چاپ الویس اسپرنگر، هندوستان.
فروغی، فضل‌الله؛ برجی، محمدناصر و مصلحی، جواد (1393). «مبانی ممنوعیت نقض حریم خصوصی در حقوق ایران و آمریکا»، مطالعات حقوقی، دوره 6، شماره 3.
محقق نوری، میرزاحسین (1408). مستدرک الوسائل و مستنبط المسائل، چاپ اول، بیروت: مؤسسه آل‌البیت (علیهم‌السلام).
محمدی ری‌شهری، محمد (1416). میزان الحکمه، چاپ اول، قم: دارالحدیث.
محمودزاده، حسن و عابدینی ایرانق، رؤیا (1398). «تلفیق اصول رشد هوشمند و استراتژی توسعه میان‌افزا در شناسایی ظرفیت‌های کالبدی توسعه درونی شهر (مطالعه موردی: منطقه 3 تبریز)»، جغرافیا و توسعه، دوره 17، شماره ۵۶.
منتظری نجف‌آبادی، حسینعلی (1409). دراسات فی ولایه الفقیه و فقه الدوله الاسلامیه، چاپ اول، قم: نشر تفکر.
موسوی‌فرد، سید محمدرضا (1400). «وضعیت آنارشیک حقوقی، جرائم سازمان‌یافته بین‌المللی از تئوری تا عمل در مواجهه سیاست و حقوق بین‌الملل کیفری»، تحقیقات حقوقی بین‌المللی، دوره 14، شماره ۵۳.
موسوی‌فرد، سید محمدرضا و سعادت‌فر، علی (1399). «بررسی تطبیقی رهیافت‌های جرم‌شناختی و حقوق کیفری بین‌المللی در اقدامات تروریستی در تعارض منافع بازیگران اصلی روابط بین‌الملل»، پژوهش‌های جرم‌شناختی پلیس، دوره 1، شماره 1.
References
Brassett, J, and O'Reilly, J (2021). A Creative Philosophy of Anticipation, Milton Park: Taylor & Francis.
Caragliu, A, Del Bo, C, and Nijkamp, P (2011). “Smart Cities in Europe”, Journal of Urban Technology, Vol.18, No.2.
Deakin, M (2013). From intelligent to smart cities, Edited by Mark Deakin, Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition; London: Taylor and Francis.
Deakin, M, Al Waer, H (2011). “From Intelligent to Smart Cities”, Journal of Intelligent Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities, Vol.3, No.3.
Feldstein, S (2021). “Governments Are Using Spyware on Citizens. Can They Be Stopped?”, Online access to the article, available at: https://www.carnegieendowment.org/2021/07/21/governments-are-using-spyware-on-citizens-can-they-be-stopped-pub-85019.
Fourtané, S (2018). “Connected Vehicles in Smart Cities: The Future of Transportation”, Interesting Engineering, accessible: https://www.interestingengineering.com/innovation/connected-vehicles-in-smart-cities-the-future-of-transportation.
Futurology. Definition of Futurology by Lexico, Lexico Dictionaries, available in: https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/futurology.
Gidley, J (2017). The Future: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Goldsmith, S (2021). “As the Chorus of Dumb City Advocates Increases, How Do We Define the Truly Smart City?” datasmart.ash.harvard.edu, accessible: https://www.datasmart.ash.harvard.edu/chorus-dumb-city-advocates-increases-how-do-we-define-truly-smart-city.
Hester, R (2018). Historical Research: Theory and Methods; London: Ed-Tech Press.
Hiltunen, E (2008). “The future sign and its three dimensions”, Futures, Vol.40, No.3.
Hines, A, Gary, J, Daheim, C, van der Laan, L (2017). “Building foresight capacity: Toward a Foresight Competency Model”, World Futures Review, Vol.9, No.3.
Hunt, D, Rogers, C, and Cavada, M (2014). “Smart Cities: Contradicting Definitions and Unclear Measures”, Switzerland: 4th World Sustainability Forum.
Jervis, R (1999). “Realism, Neoliberalism and Cooperation: Understanding the Debate”, International Security, Vol.24, No.1.
Jiang, H, Geertman, S, and Witte, P (2021). “Smartening urban governance: An evidence‐based perspective”, Regional Science Policy & Practice, Vol.3, No.3.
Komninos, N (2013). “What makes cities intelligent?” Edited by Mark Deakin, Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition; London: Taylor and Francis.
Lippert, RK, and Walby, K (2013). “Governing Through Privacy: Authoritarian Liberalism, Law, and Privacy Knowledge”, Law, Culture and the Humanities Journal, Vol.12, No.2.
McLaren, D, and Agyeman, J (2015). Sharing Cities: A Case for Truly Smart and Sustainable Cities, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Mearsheimer, JJ (1994). “The False Promise of International Institutions”, International Security, Vol.19, No.3.
Mindle, GB (1989). “Liberalism, Privacy, and Autonomy”, The Journal of Politics, Vol.51, No.3.
Musa, S (2018). “Smart Cities-A Road Map for Development”, IEEE Potentials, Vol.37, No.2.
O'Toole, JJ (2017). “Futurology social science”, Encyclopedia Britannica, available in: https://www.britannica.com/topic/futurology.
Paiho, S, Tuominen, P, Rökman, J, Ylikerälä, M, Pajula, J, and Siikavirta, H (2022). “Opportunities of collected city data for smart cities”, IET Smart Cities, Vol.4, No.4.
Peris-Ortiz, M, Bennett, DR, and Yábar, DPB (2016). Sustainable Smart Cities: Creating Spaces for Technological, Social and Business Development, Berlin: Springer.
Posen, BR (1993). “Nationalism, the Mass Army, and Military Power”, International Security, Vol.18, No.2.
Rosato, S (2021). Intentions in Great Power Politics: Uncertainty and the Roots of Conflict, New Haven: Yale University Press.
Sardar, Z (2010). The Namesake: Futures; futures studies; futurology; futuristic; Foresight - What’s in a name? Futures, Vol.42, No.3.
Steeves, V (2019). “Theorizing Privacy in a Liberal Democracy: Canadian Jurisprudence, Anti-Terrorism and Social Memory After”, Journal Theoretical Inquiries in Law, Vol.20, No.1.
Williams, WF (2013). Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy, ISBN 9781135955229.
In persian
Aghababaei, H. (2010). "Liberalism, Privacy and the Patriot Act" [in Persian]. Quarterly Journal of Politics, 40(2).
Ansari, B. (2004). "Privacy and Its Protection in Islamic, Comparative and Iranian Law" [in Persian]. Private Law Studies (Law), (66).
Bahramand, H., & Davoudi, Z. (2018). "Social Prevention of Cyber Security Crimes" [in Persian]. Criminal Law and Criminology Studies, 48(1).
Haeri Tehrani, M. S. A. (1998). Moqtaniyat al‑Dorar wa Moltaqatat al‑Thamar [in Arabic]. (1st ed.). Tehran: Dar al‑Ketab al‑Islami.
Harrani, H. (2016). Tohaf al‑Uqool an Al al‑Rasool [in Arabic]. (1st ed.). Tehran: Eslamiyah Publications.
Roustaei, S., Pourmohammadi, M. R., & Ghanbari, H. (2018). "Smart City Theory and Evaluation of Its Infrastructure Components in Urban Management: A Case Study of Tabriz Municipality" [in Persian]. Geography and Regional & Urban Planning, 8(26).
Sadeghi, S., & Akbari, A. A. (2020). "A Criminological Study of Crimes against National Security with a Criminal Sociology Approach" [in Persian]. Sociology Studies, 13(48).
Salehnia, A., & Bakhtiari, H. (2018). "Prioritization of National Security Threats of the Islamic Republic of Iran Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)" [in Persian]. Strategic Public Policy Studies, 8(27).
Sedigh, M. E. (2016). "The Cyber Revolution and Transformation in the Espionage Phenomenon" [in Persian]. Strategic Studies, 19 (1).
Tusi, M. b. H. (1986). Al‑Tibyan fi Tafsir al‑Qur'an [in Arabic]. A. H. Qasir (Ed.). (1st ed.). Tehran: Amin Publications.
Urousi Howeizi, A. b. J. (1854). Tafsir Noor al‑Thaqalayn [in Arabic]. Alvis Springer (Ed.). India.
Foroughi, F., Borji, M. N., & Moslehi, J. (2014). "The Foundations of Prohibiting Privacy Violation in Iranian and American Law" [in Persian]. Legal Studies, 6(3).
Mohaqqeq Nouri, M. H. (1987). Mostadrak al‑Wasa'il wa Mostanbat al‑Masa'il [in Arabic]. (1st ed.). Beirut: Al al‑Bayt Institute.
Mohammadi Rey Shahri, M. (1995/). Mizan al‑Hikmah [in Arabic]. (1st ed.). Qom: Dar al‑Hadith.
Mahmoudzadeh, H., & Abedini Iranaq, R. (2019). "Integration of Smart Growth Principles and Infill Development Strategy in Identifying Physical Capacities for Inner‑City Development (Case Study: District 3 of Tabriz)" [in Persian]. Geography and Development, 17(56).
 
Montazeri Najafabadi, H. A. (1988). Dirasat fi Wilayat al‑Faqih wa Fiqh al‑Dawlah al‑Islamiyyah [in Arabic]. (1st ed.). Qom: Tafakor Publications.
Mousavi Fard, S. M. R. (2021). "Legal Anarchic Situation, International Organized Crimes from Theory to Practice in the Confrontation of Politics and International Criminal Law" [in Persian]. International Legal Research, 14(53).
Mousavi Fard, S. M. R., & Saadatfar, A. (2020). "A Comparative Study of Criminological and International Criminal Law Approaches to Terrorist Acts in the Conflict of Interests of Main Actors in International Relations" [in Persian]. Police Criminological Research, 1(1).
Send comment about this article
CAPTCHA Image
Comparative Studies on Islamic and Western Law
Volume 12, Issue 4 - Serial Number 46
December 2025
Pages 233-258

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics