Derogation of Human Rights in Emergency Situations; A Comparative Study of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

Document Type : Academicm and Research

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law, University of Qom.

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law, University of Qom.

3 PhD Student in Public Law, Faculty of Law, University of Qom.

Abstract

Human Rights treaties which contain derogation clause, albeit allowing the derogation of some rights and freedoms in states of emergency, have provided some principles that must be observed by the States Parties for the derogation clause to be applicable. The purpose behind the prevision is the prevention from abuse of derogation right and gross violation of human rights by States under pretext of the existence of emergency situations. These principles can be divided into two general categories: substantive and procedural. The substantive principles are: the principle of exceptional threat, the principle of proportionality, the principle of observation of other international obligations, the principle of non-discrimination, the principle of good faith and the principle of non-derogable rights. The procedural principles are: the principle of proclamation and the principle of notification. Strict implementation of these principles requires their entry into domestic systems, especially in the constitutions of countries. Article 79 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran also deals with the application of necessary restrictions in times of war and similar emergencies. In the study, the issue of the status of emergency situations in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran and its compliance with the provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) relating to the suspension of human rights in emergency situations has been examined comparatively. Findings indicate that Article 79 of the Iranian Constitution is slightly in line with Article 4 of the ICCPR and could be amended in a possible future revision.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

ابدی، سعیدرضا، 1386ش، نگاهی به مقررات اضطراری در کشور ترکیه، فصلنامه حقوق اساسی، سال 4، ش 8.
پشمی، بهرام، 1399 ش، تعلیق تعهدات حقوق بشری دولتها در وضعیت‌‌های اضطراری عمومی، بحران کووید 19، فصلنامه پژوهش حقوق عمومی، ش67.
جلالی، علیرضا، ابوعطا، محمد، 1399ش، وضعیت اضطراری و محدودیت حقوق بنیادین: بررسی اقدامات حکومت ایتالیا در مقابله با بیماری کووید 19، فصلنامه پژوهش حقوق عمومی، ش67.
غمامی، سیدمحمد مهدی، 1399ش، مطالعه تحلیلی الگوهای مدیریت وضعیت‌های اضطراری مخل بهداشت و سلامت عمومی، فصلنامه تعالی حقوق، سال11، ش2.
قربان‌نیا، ناصر، 1387 ش، حقوق بشر و حقوق بشردوستانه، انتشارات پژوهشگاه فرهنگ و اندیشه‌‌ی اسلامی.
مشهدی، علی، دارایی، علی، قارلقی، صدیقه، 1399ش، شرایط استثنائی و استثنای حاکمیت قانون، فصلنامه پژوهشهای نوین حقوق اداری، سال2، ش4.
Beyani, Chaloka, (2002), Human Rights Standards and the Free Movement of Peoples within States, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Conde, H. Victor, (2004), A Handbook of International Human Rights Terminology, University of Nebraska Press, Second Edition.
De Schutter, Olivier, (2010), International Human Rights Law, Cambridge University Press.
El Zaidy, Mohamad M., (2003), The ECHR and State of Emergency: Article 15- A Domestic Power of Derogation from Human Rights Obligations, Vol. 4, San Diego Int'l L.J.
Fitzpatrick, Joan, (1994), Human Rights in Crisis, The International System for Protection Rights during States of Emergency, University of Pennsylvania Press.
Joseph, Sarah and Melissa Castan, (2005), The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Cases, Materials and Commentary, Second Edition, Oxford University Press.
Michaelsen, Christopher, (2001), The Proportionality Principle in the Context of Anti-Terrorism Laws, in Fresh Perspective on the War on Terror, Edited by: Mariam Gani and Penelope Mathew, ANU E Press.
O'Flaherty, Michael, (1996), Human Rights and the UN, Practices before Treaty Bodies, Australia, Sweet and Maxwell.
Oraa, Jaime, (1992), Human Rights in States of Emergency in International Law, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Sommario, Emanuele, (2012), Derogation from Human Rights Treaties in Situations of Natural or Man-made Disasters, in International Disaster Response Law Edited by: Andrea de Guttry, Marco Gestri and Gabriella Venturini, Springer.
Svensson-McCarty, Anna lena, (1998), The International Law of Human Rights and State of Exception, Martinus Nijhoff.
CCPR: General Comment, 29(4), Derogations during a State of Emergency,        
CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.11, 31 August 2001.
Final Report on Monitoring States of Emergency: Guidelines for Bodies Monitoring Respects for Human Rights during State of Emergency, in International Law Association, Report of 64th Conference, London, ILA, 1991.
General Assembly: Protecting Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms while Countering Terrorism: UN Doc. A/60/374, 2005.
General Assembly: Strengthening of the Rule of Law, Report of the Secretary General, UN Doc. A/57.275, 2002.
HRC: General Comment No.18: Non-Discrimination, Thirty-Seventh Session, Adopted: 10 November 1989, Un Doc. HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9(Vol. I)
HRC: General Comment No.5, UN Doc. HRI/GEN/1/Rev.1, 1994.
HRC: S. W. M. Brooks v. the Netherland, Communication No. 172/1984 (9 April 1987) UN Doc. Supp. No. 40 (A/42/40).
Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Human Rights Quarterly 7, 1985.
UN Doc. E/ 1992 / 22, E/ CN 4 / 1992 / 84, Report of the 48th Session of the Commission on Human Rights, 1992.
UN Doc. HRC: CCPR/C/SR.357, 9 April 1982.
UNGAOR. A/39/40, 1984, Report of the HRC.
Send comment about this article
CAPTCHA Image

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics