The Impact of Intentional Breach of Contract on the Validity of Exemption Clauses (A Comparative Study in Civil Law, Common Law, and Islamic Legal Systems, with Emphasis on Judicial Practices and Jurisprudential Foundations)

Document Type : Academicm and Research

Authors

1 Professor, Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law, University of Qom.

2 PhD Student in Private Law, Faculty of Law, University of Qom.

Abstract

Failure to perform contractual obligations may be unintentional or intentional. Intentional breach represents the most severe form of contract violation, consequently leading to unique consequences not applicable in cases of unintentional breaches, among various legal systems. One of the significant effects of intentional breach within the framework of compensatory arrangements is the inability of the breaching party to rely on an exemption clause it has obtained as a contractual benefit. A party that intentionally and willingly fails to fulfill its obligations should not be allowed to escape the consequences of its deliberate harmful actions by seeking refuge in an exemption clause contained within the contract. This article employs a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the practical and significant impact of intentional breach on the validity of contractual exemption clauses from an objective perspective, within the regulatory framework and judicial practices of three major legal systems (Roman-Germanic, Common Law, and Islamic Law).

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Beale, H., et al. (2018). Chitty on Contracts (33rd ed.). London: Sweet & Maxwell.
Beale, H. (1990). Droit Anglais. In Les clauses limitatives ou exonératoires de responsabilité en Europe. Paris: L.G.D.J.
Cartwright, J. (2016). An Introduction to the English Law of Contract for the Civil Lawyer (3rd ed.). London: Hart Publishing.
Cruysmans, E., Defosse, M., & Donnet, C. (2015). Les Clauses Limitatives ou Exonératoires de Responsabilité en Matière de Défaut de la Chose. Limal: Anthémis.
Duyvensz, J. H. (2011). Exoneratie en Bewuste Roekeloosheid. Tilburg: WPNR.
Fleming, J. (1974). Exculpatory Clauses. The American Journal of Comparative Law, 22(1).
Le Tourneau, Ph., & Cadiet, L. (1996). Droit de la Responsibilite. Paris: Dalloz.
McKendrick, E. (2017). Contract Law: Text, Cases and Materials (12th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
McLeod, J. K., & Rogers, W. V. (1974). Halsboury’s Laws of England, Vol.9: Contract. London.
Peel, E., & Treitel, G. H. (2015). The Law of Contract (14th ed.). London: Sweet & Maxwell.
Renault-Brahinsky, C. (2020). Droit des Obligations. Paris: Gualino.
Schlechtriem, P., & Schwenzer, I. (2016). Commentary on the UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG) (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Schmidt, J. (1990). Droit Allemand: les Clauses Limitatives ou Exoneratoires de Responsabilite en Europe. Paris: LGDJ.
Schwenzer, I., & Hachem, P. (2009). The CISG—Successes and Pitfalls. The American Journal of Comparative Law, 57(2).
Starck, B., Roland H., & Boyer, L. (1993). Obligations (4th ed.). Paris: Litec.
Terré, F., Simler, P., Lequette, Y., & Chénedé, F. (2019). Droit Civil les Obligations (12th ed.). Paris: Dalloz.
Treitel, G. H. (2003). The Law of Contract (11th ed.). London: Sweet & Maxwell.
Viney, G., & Jourdain, P. (1999). Traité de Droit Civil, sous la Direction de Jacques Ghestin, Les Conditions de la Responsabilité (2nd éd.). Paris: L.G.D.J.
Vanwelkenhuyzen, A. (2015). Les Clauses Limitatives ou Exonératoires de Responsabilité Particularités dans les Contrats d’architecture et de Promotion Immobilière. Universite Catholique de Louvain.
 
Persian Sources
Imam, A., & Abdi, S. (1999). Analyzing the Jurisprudential-Legal Foundations of Exemption Clauses in Contracts. Journal of Qom Higher Education Institute, 2.
Imam, S. H. (2013). Civil Law. Tehran: Islamic Publishing Institute. (Vol. 1 & 4).
Ameli, M. H. (2016). Majma al-Afkar va Matrahal-Anzār. Qom: Al-Matba'ah Al-'Ilmiyyah.
Ansari, S. M. (1993). Makasib. Tabriz.
Izanloo, M. (2007). Limiting and Excluding Liability Clauses in Contracts. Tehran: Sahami Enteshar Publication. (Vol. 2).
Bojnourdi, M. H. (2000). al-Qawa'id al-Fiqhiyah. Qom: Al-Hadi.
Bahjat, M. T. (2007). Jame' al-Masa'il. Qom: Dār al-'Ilm Bahjat. (Vol. 2).
Bahrami Ahmadi, H. (2011). Law of Obligations and Contracts: A Comparative Study in Islamic Jurisprudence and Legal Systems. Tehran: Imam Sadiq University.
Jazayeri, S. M. J. (1997). Hadi al-Talib. Qom: Dar al-Kutub.
Jafari Langroudi, M. J. (1999). Law of Obligations. Tehran: Ganj Danesh. (Vol. 3).
Jafari Langroudi, M. J. (2007). Comprehensive Terminology in Law. Tehran: Ganj Danesh. (Vol. 10).
Hosseini Maraghi, M. F. (1999). Al-Enawin. Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute. (Vol. 2).
Hakim, S. M. (2005). Mustamsak al-'Urwah. Qom: Library of Ayatollah Mar'ashi Najafi.
(Vol. 10).
Khomeini, R. (2002). Kitab al-Buyu'. Tehran: Institute for Compilation and Publication of Imam Khomeini’s Works. (Vol. 1).
Deylami, A. (2010). Good Faith in Civil Liability. Tehran: Mizan Publishing.
Razavi, R., Abdipourfard, I., & Ne'matollahi, I. (2019). Intentional Breach of Contract and Its Impact on Compensation for Damages Resulting from Breach of Contract. Private Law Research, 7(26).
As-Sanahouri, A. A. (2003). Law of Obligations (M. H. Daneshkia & S. M. Dadmarzi, Trans.). Qom: Qom University.
Shoorian, I. (2016). Law of Obligations: A Comparative Study of the French Law Reform Proposal with International Documents and Iranian Law (Vol. 2). Tehran: Shahrdanesh.
Shahid Thani. (2006). Masalik al-Afham ila Tanqih Sharayi al-Islam (Vol. 12). Qom: Ma'arif Islami Publishing.
Shahid Thani. (1991). Sharh Lum'ah. Qom: Da'vari Publications (Vol. 3).
Shahidi, M. (2004). Effects of Contracts and Obligations (Vol. 2). Tehran: Moj.
Safa'i, S. H. (2013). The Influence of Willful or Gross Negligence on the Exemption Clause. Ra'y Journal, 2(3).
Safa'i, S. H. (2016). The Concept of Gross Negligence in Relation to the Exemption Clause. In Civil Law and Comparative Law (Vol. 4). Tehran: Mizan.
Safa'i, S. H., & Rahimi, H. (2013). Civil Liability (Vol. 5). Tehran: SAMT Publishing.
Safa'i, S. H. (2020). General Principles of Contracts (Vol. 33, Pt. 2). Tehran: Mizan.
Tabatabai Yazdi, S. M. K. (1997). Farsi Questions and Answers (Vol. 1). Tehran: Islamic Sciences Publishing Center.
Tabatabai Yazdi, S. M. K. (1999). Hashiyeh Makasib. Qom: Ismailian Institute (Vol. 1).
Ameli, S. J. (2000). Miftah al-Keramah (Vol. 4). Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.
Abdi, S. (2014). Jurisprudential and Legal Foundations of Contractual and Non-Contractual Exemption Clauses. Qom: Publication of the Faculty of Principles of Religion.
Allamah Helli, H. Y. (2001). Tahrir al-Ahkam (Vol. 2). Qom: Imam Sadiq Institute.
Formeston, M. (2018). The Law of Sale of Goods in England (I. Ne'matollahi, Trans.). Tehran: Majd.
Ghomi, S. A. (2004). Al-Ghayat al-Qusawi fi Tarjamat al-'Urwah al-Wuthqa (Vol. 2). Tehran: Sanat-e Subh-e Piroozi Publication.
Ghanavati, J., et al. (2000). The Law of Contracts in Imamiyyah Jurisprudence (Vol. 1). Tehran: SAMT Publishing.
Katouzian, N. (2008). Non-Contractual Obligations. Tehran: Tehran University Press. (8th ed., Vol. 1).
Katouzian, N. (2011). General Principles of Contracts. Tehran: Sahami Enteshar Publishing. (6th ed., Vol. 4, Parts 3 and 5).
Katouzian, N. (2015). Specific Contracts. Tehran: Sahami Enteshar Publishing. (13th ed., Vol. 1).
Katouzian, N. (2006). Philosophy of Law (Vol. 3, 3rd ed.). Tehran: Sahami Enteshar Publishing. (Vol. 3, Part 3).
Kazemi Testeri, S. A. (1943). Maqabs al-Anwar. Tabriz: Maktaba Makniyya.
Gilani, A. A. (Mirza Qomi). (1994). Jama al-Shatat fi Ajwibat al-Su'alat. Tehran: Keyhan.
Collection of Judicial Opinions of the Supreme Court of Tehran Province (Legal). (2012). Tehran: Publication Office of the Judicial Procedures.
Najafi Esfahani, M. (2008). Maritime Law (2nd ed., Vol. 2). Tehran: SAMT Publishing.
Najafi, M. H. (1985). Jawahir al-Kalam (Vol. 23 and 30). Beirut: Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi.
Ne'matollahi, I., & Rezaei, R. (2022). Explaining the Position of the Principle of Reliance Interest in Western Law and Identifying its Instances in Islamic Jurisprudence. Journal of Civil Law Knowledge, 10(2).
Vahdati Shobeiri, S. H. (2016). Foundations of Contractual Liability. Qom: Islamic Sciences and Culture Academy.
Yazdi, A. A. (1970). Tarjamat Farsi Sharayi (Vol. 3). Tehran: Tehran University Press.
Send comment about this article
CAPTCHA Image
Comparative Studies on Islamic and Western Law
Volume 10, Issue 3 - Serial Number 37
September 2023
Pages 123-152

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics