A comparative look at the universality of human rights in Islamic teachings and contemporary international law

Document Type : Academicm and Research

Authors

1 Professor of International Law, Law Faculty, University of Qom.

2 Educated in Religious Sciences and PhD student of International Law, University of Qom.

10.22091/csiw.2025.9015.2381

Abstract

 
On the one hand, the idea of human rights is recognized as a human and universal theoretical foundation, and on the other hand, its practical foundation has relied on otherness and skepticism due to relativism, despite the universality of human rights as a presupposition in the eyes of cultures and Various civilizations, including in the Islamic teachings and contemporary international law, but there are still serious challenges regarding the theoretical foundations and practical reality of universalism. The problem of this research is how to identify the source of the existing and possible challenges and find and present appropriate solutions to overcome them with a comparative view of the universality of human rights. Considering the international approach of the governments and the analysis of the provisions of the international human rights documents and relying on the universal theoretical foundations of human rights in the Islamic teachings and contemporary international law, the feasibility of the way out of the existing human rights challenges has been pursued. The result of this research shows that, although today's human rights have a western origin, but in terms of their nature, they can be identified in other cultures and societies by relying on the unity of nature, conscience, human dignity, reason and the essence of human unity. Therefore, all human rights belong to all human beings, regardless of any type of characteristics, have been universal and binding for all human beings in any situation. The unanimity of all the governments of the world regarding the non-recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan due to the violation of human rights is an objective evidence of this claim.

Keywords

Main Subjects


قرآن کریم
نهج‌البلاغه
اسدالله‌زاده، علی (1396). «نقد مفهوم جهان‌شمولی حقوق بشر با تکیه بر اعلامیهٔ جهانی حقوق بشر»، نشریه اندیشه‌های حقوق عمومی، شماره 11.
 البغدادی الماوردی، علی بن محمد (بی‌تا). الاحکام السلطانیه و الولایات الدینیه (مصادر فقهیه مستقله)، مصر: توزیع دارالتعاون للنشر و التوزیع عباس أحمد الباز مکه المکرمه.
پروین، خیرالله و محمدرضا تجلی (1396). مبنا و منشأ حقوق بشر نظام بین‌الملل و اسلام، چاپ سوم، تهران: خرسندی.
جاوید، محمدجواد و مصطفی شفیع‌زاده‌خولنجانی (1395). «فطرت یا طبیعت بشر مناطی برای سد نسبیت در حقوق بشر»، نشریه پژوهش حقوق عمومی، شماره 52.
جاوید، محمدجواد (1386). «حقوق بشر در عصر پسامدرن: انتقاد از شاهکاری فلسفی در فهم حقوق ذهنی»، نشریه مطالعات حقوق خصوصی، شماره 3.
جعفری‌تبریزی، محمدتقی (1369). تحقیق در دو نظام حقوق جهانی بشر از دیدگاه اسلام و غرب و تطبیق آن با یکدیگر، چاپ اول، تهران: دفتر خدمات حقوقی بین‌المللی جمهوری اسلامی ایران.
جوادی‌آملی (1390). انسان از آغاز تا انجام، چاپ سوم، قم: مرکز نشر اسراء.
 جوادی‌آملی، عبدالله (1391). روابط بین‌الملل در اسلام، قم: مرکز نشر اسراء.
جوادی‌غزنوی (1387). اندیشه‌های کلامی، فقهی و سیاسی آیت‌الله محسنی، قم: انتشارات وحدت‌بخش.
 ساعد وکیل، امیر و عسکری، پوریا (1391). نسل سوم حقوق بشر حقوق همبستگی، چاپ دوم، تهران: انتشارات مجد.
 صمدزاده، علی اکبر؛ گوهریان، حمیدرضا و اصغری، سید مهدی (1401). «جهان‌شمولی حقوق بشر در بستر حاکمیت دولت‌ها»، نشریه جامعه‌شناسی سیاسی ایران، شماره 22.
طلابکی، اکبر و سید رضا موسوی و کاظم غریب‌آبادی (1397). «حقوق بشر و تنوع فرهنگی؛ با نگاهی به رویکرد اسلامی»، نشریه حقوق اسلامی، شماره 59.
 عرفان‌منش، ایمان (1396). «پیدایش جامعهٔ مدرن و تجدید بنای حقوق بشر؛ واکاوی منشأ جهان‌بینی و تبارشناسی گفتمان حقوق بشر»، نشریه معرفت سیاسی، شماره 17.
 قاری سید فاطمی، سید محمد (1381). «قلمرو حق‌ها در حقوق بشر معاصر: جهان‌شمولی در قبال مطلق‌گرائی»، نشریه نامه مفید، شماره 33.
کریمی، مرزبان (1396). آدم، انسان، بشر ...، چاپ اول، تهران: انتشارات اُسوِه.
 محسنی، محمدسالم (1396). «نقد و بررسی ویژگی‌های حقوق بشر»، مجموعه مقالات کنگره بین‌المللی علوم انسانی اسلامی، شماره 3.
مطهری، مرتضی (1377). جامعه و تاریخ، چاپ هشتم، تهران: انتشارات صدرا.
 موحد، محمدعلی (1384). در هوای حق و عدالت (از حقوق طبیعی تا حقوق بشر)، چاپ سوم، تهران: کارنامه.
 موسوی میرکلائی، سید طه و رضا زبیب (1399). «جهان‌شمولی یا نسبی‌گرایی: نقدی بر رویکرد روشنفکری دینی به حقوق بشر در پرتو مبانی اسلامی»، نشریه دیدگاه‌های حقوق قضایی، شماره 91.
 موسوی‌میرکلائی، سید طه (1397). جهان‌شمولی و نسبی‌گرایی حقوق بشر رهیافت اسلامی. چاپ اول، تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه علوم قضایی و خدمات اداری.
 میرعباسی، سید باقر، رئیسی، لیلا و سید طه موسوی‌میرکلائی (1393). «جهان‌شمولی و نسبی‌گرایی حقوق بشر در رویکرد اسلام و رویهٔ دولت‌های اسلامی». نشریه دیدگاه‌های حقوق قضایی، شماره 67.
References
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, (1948), http://qom.daneshlink.ir/.
ARZT, Donna E, 1990, “The Application of International Human Rights Law in Islamic States”, http://qom.daneshlink.ir/.
Brems, Eva, 2004, “Reconciling Universality and Diversity in International Human Rights: A Theoretical and Methodological Framework and Its Application in the Context of Islam”, http://qom.daneshlink.ir/.
Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, 5 August 1990, http://qom.daneshlink.ir/.
Charter of the United Nations, 26 June 1945, http://qom.daneshlink.ir/.
Donnelly, Jack, 2008, "Human rights: Both universal and relative (A Reply to Michael Goodhart)”, http://qom.daneshlink.ir/.
Espiell, Hector Gros, 1998, “Universality of human rights and cultural diversity”, http://qom.daneshlink.ir/.
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights, 4 November 1950
Goodhart, Michael E, 2003, “Origins and Universality in the Human Rights Debates: Cultural Essentialism and the Challenge of Globalization”, http://qom.daneshlink.ir/.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 26 December 1966, http://qom.daneshlink.ir/.
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 16 December 1966, http://qom.daneshlink.ir/.
Mubelo, Willy Moka, 2017, Reconciling Law and Morality in Human Rights Discourse Beyond the Habermasian Account of Human Rights.
NirmalI, B.C, 2006, “Natural Law, Human Rights And Justise Some Reflections on Finnis's Innis's Natural Law Theory”.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen,
1789, National Assembly of France, https://constitutionnet.org.
Universal Declaration of Human rights,10 Dec, 1948, http://qom.daneshlink.ir/.
Vienna Declaration And Program of Action (Extracts), 25, June 1993, http://qom.daneshlink.ir/.
Waltz, Susan, 2004, “Universal Human Rights: The Contribution of Muslim States”, http://qom.daneshlink.ir/.
Bibliography:
Al-Baghdadi Al-Mawardi, Ali ibn Muhammad, n.d; Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyah wa al-Wilayat al-Diniyah (Independent Jurisprudential Sources), Egypt, Distribution by Dar Al-Ta’awun for Publishing and Distribution Abbas Ahmad Al-Baz, Mecca (Arabic).
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, (1948), http://qom.daneshlink.ir/.
Arzt, Donna E, 1990; “The Application of International Human Rights Law in Islamic States”, http://qom.daneshlink.ir/.
Asadollahzadeh, Ali, 2017; "Critique of the Concept of the Universality of Human Rights with Emphasis on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights," Journal of Public Law Thoughts, No. 11 (Persian).
Brems, Eva, 2004; “Reconciling Universality and Diversity in International Human Rights: A Theoretical and Methodological Framework and Its Application in the Context of Islam”, http://qom.daneshlink.ir/.
Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, 5 August 1990, http://qom.daneshlink.ir/.
Charter of the United Nations, 26 June 1945, http://qom.daneshlink.ir/.
Donnelly, Jack, 2008; "Human rights: Both universal and relative (A Reply to Michael Goodhart)”, http://qom.daneshlink.ir/.
Erfanmanesh, Iman, 2017; "The Emergence of Modern Society and the Reconstruction of Human Rights: An Examination of the Origin of Worldview and the Genealogy of Human Rights Discourse," Political Knowledge Journal, No. 17 (Persian).
Espiell, Hector Gros, 1998; “Universality of human rights and cultural diversity”, http://qom.daneshlink.ir/.
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights, 4 November 1950.
Goodhart, Michael E, 2003; “Origins and Universality in the Human Rights Debates: Cultural Essentialism and the Challenge of Globalization”, http://qom.daneshlink.ir/.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 26 December 1966, http://qom.daneshlink.ir/.
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 16 December 1966, http://qom.daneshlink.ir/.
Jafari-Tabrizi, Mohammad Taghi, 1990; Research on Two Global Human Rights Systems from the Perspective of Islam and the West and Their Comparison, First Edition, Tehran, International Legal Services Office of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian)
Javadi-Amoli, 2011; Human from Beginning to End, 3rd edition, Qom, Isra Publishing Center (Persian)
Javadi-Amoli, Abdullah, 2012; International Relations in Islam, Qom, Isra Publishing Center (Persian)
Javadi-Ghaznavi, 2008; The Theological, Jurisprudential, and Political Thoughts of Ayatollah Mohseni, Qom, Vahdatbakhsh Publications (Persian)
Javid, Mohammadjavad, 2007; "Human Rights in the Postmodern Era: A Critique of a Philosophical Masterpiece in Understanding Mental Rights," Journal of Private Law Studies, No. 3 (Persian)
Javid, Mohammadjavad and Mostafa Shafi‘zadeh-Khoolanjani, 2016; "Innate Nature or Human Nature: Barriers to Relativism in Human Rights," Journal of Public Law Research, No. 52 (Persian)
Karimi, Marzban, 2017; Man, Human, Human Being..., 1st edition, Tehran, Osoeh Publications (Persian)
Mohseni, Mohammad Salem, 2017; "Critique and Review of the Characteristics of Human Rights," Proceedings of the International Congress on Islamic Humanities, No. 3 (Persian)
Movahed, Mohammad Ali, 2005; In the Air of Truth and Justice (From Natural Rights to Human Rights), 3rd edition, Tehran, Karnameh (Persian)
Motahhari, Morteza, 1998; Society and History, 8th edition, Tehran, Sadra Publications (Persian)
Mousavi-Mirkalaei, Seyed Toa, 2018; Universality and Relativism of Human Rights: An Islamic Approach; First Edition, Tehran, University of Judicial Sciences and Administrative Services Press (Persian)
Mousavi-Mirkalaei, Seyed Toa and Reza Zabib, 2020; "Universality or Relativism: A Critique of the Religious Intellectual Approach to Human Rights in Light of Islamic Foundations," Journal of Judicial Rights Views, No. 91 (Persian)
Mirabbasi, Seyed Baqer, Raeisi, Leila, and Seyed Toa Mousavi-Mirkalaei, 2014; "Universality and Relativism of Human Rights in the Approach of Islam and Practices of Islamic States," Journal of Judicial Rights Views, No. 67 (Persian)
Mubelo, Willy Moka, 2017; Reconciling Law and Morality in Human Rights Discourse Beyond the Habermasian Account of Human Rights.
NirmalI, B.C, 2006; “Natural Law, Human Rights And Justice: Some Reflections on Finnis's Innis's Natural Law Theory”.
Parvin, Kheirollah and Mohammadreza Tajalli, 2017; The Basis and Origin of Human Rights in the International System and Islam, 3rd edition, Tehran, Khorsandi Publishing (Persian)
Qari Seyed Fatemi, Seyed Mohammad, 2002; "The Scope of Rights in Contemporary Human Rights: Universality versus Absolutism," Mofid Letter Journal, No. 33 (Persian)
Sa’ed Vakil, Amir Pouria Askari, 2012; The Third Generation of Human Rights: Solidarity Rights, 2nd edition, Tehran, Majd Publications (Persian)
Samadzadeh, Ali Akbar, Hamidreza Gowharyan, and Seyed Mehdi Asghari, 2022; "Universality of Human Rights within the Framework of State Sovereignty," Iranian Political Sociology Journal, No. 22 (Persian)
Talebaki, Akbar, Seyed Reza Mousavi, and Kazem Gharibabadi, 2018; "Human Rights and Cultural Diversity: With a Look at the Islamic Approach," Islamic Law Journal, No. 59 (Persian)
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 1789; National Assembly of France, https://constitutionnet.org.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 10 Dec, 1948; http://qom.daneshlink.ir/.
Vienna Declaration And Program of Action (Extracts), 25 June 1993; http://qom.daneshlink.ir/.
Waltz, Susan, 2004; “Universal Human Rights: The Contribution of Muslim States”, http://qom.daneshlink.ir/.
 
CAPTCHA Image